Search results for " VAR"
showing 10 items of 5758 documents
Constrained evolvability of interferon suppression in an RNA virus.
2016
AbstractInnate immunity responses controlled by interferon (IFN) are believed to constitute a major selective pressure shaping viral evolution. Viruses encode a variety of IFN suppressors, but these are often multifunctional proteins that also play essential roles in other steps of the viral infection cycle, possibly limiting their evolvability. Here, we experimentally evolved a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mutant carrying a defect in the matrix protein (M∆51) that abolishes IFN suppression and that has been previously used in the context of oncolytic virotherapy. Serial transfers of this virus in normal, IFN-secreting cells led to a modest recovery of IFN blocking capacity and to weak …
Membrane-Associated Enteroviruses Undergo Intercellular Transmission as Pools of Sibling Viral Genomes
2019
Summary Some viruses are released from cells as pools of membrane-associated virions. By increasing the multiplicity of infection (MOI), this type of collective dispersal could favor viral cooperation, but also the emergence of cheater-like viruses such as defective interfering particles. To better understand this process, we examined the genetic diversity of membrane-associated coxsackievirus infectious units. We find that infected cells release membranous structures (including vesicles) that contain 8–21 infectious particles on average. However, in most cases (62%–93%), these structures do not promote the co-transmission of different viral genetic variants present in a cell. Furthermore, …
The first wave of the Spanish COVID-19 epidemic was associated with early introductions and fast spread of a dominating genetic variant
2020
The COVID-19 pandemic has shaken the world since the beginning of 2020. Spain is among the European countries with the highest incidence of the disease during the first pandemic wave. We established a multidisciplinar consortium to monitor and study the evolution of the epidemic, with the aim of contributing to decision making and stopping rapid spreading across the country. We present the results for 2170 sequences from the first wave of the SARS-Cov-2 epidemic in Spain and representing 12% of diagnosed cases until 14th March. This effort allows us to document at least 500 initial introductions, between early February-March from multiple international sources. Importantly, we document the …
Canonical Variate Analysis of Sensory Profiling Data
2015
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of product mean scores is generally used to obtain a product map from sensory profiling data. However, this approach does not take into account the variance of the product mean scores due to the individual panelist variability. Therefore, Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA) of the product effect in the two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) should be considered as a natural alternative analysis to PCA. Indeed, it is the extension of the classical univariate approach used for the analysis of each descriptor separately. This analysis generates successive components maximizing product discrimination as measured by the usual Fisher statistics in analy…
Influence of fetal glutathione S-transferase copy number variants on adverse reproductive outcomes
2012
A nested case-control association study was designed to investigate the influence of maternal and fetal copy number variants (CNVs) on reproductive outcomes. Genotypes of ten CNVs encompassing GST and CYP genes were assessed. Significant associations were only found for child CNV genotypes. In particular, the child GSTM1 insertion allele was associated with prematurity protection (odds ratio, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.51-0.89; P < 0.01), whereas the child GSTT2B insertion allele was associated with an increased risk of being small for gestational age (odds ratio, 95% CI: 1.33, 1.07-1.67; P = 0.01). The study highlights the role of the fetal genome in prenatal development and also the need to analyse …
Comparison of odour sensory profiles performed by two independent trained panels following the same descriptive analysis procedures
2000
Odour sensory profiling of 28 associations of cheese ripening micro-organisms was performed by two panels of 10 assessors on two different sites. Sample preparation, training protocols and references, tasting procedures and scoring were similar in the two laboratories. Panel 2 used 10 attributes and panel 1 used these terms plus 4 extra descriptors. Analysis of variance and multivariate methods (canonical variate analysis, generalised procrustes analysis and STATIS) exhibited differences between assessors within a panel and between panels concerning the use of the scoring scale and the strength of product discrimination by attribute. Panel 1 was more sensitive to fruity notes and panel 2 to…
What are the sensory differences among coffees? Multi-panel analysis of variance and FLASH analysis
1998
International audience
Uses of change-over designs and repeated measurements in sensory and consumer studies
1993
Abstract The paper illustrates two statistical methods, the design and analysis of sensory experiments taking into account the effects of serving order and previously assessed treatment and the analysis of experiments with time repeated measurements. Change-over design experiments balance both presentation order and carry-over effects. The proper analysis of variance allows the testing of these effects and the estimation of product means adjusted for carry-over effect. Repeated measurements occur when groups are being compared over time. Either a corrected split-plot or a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with measurements at different times forming the variable should be adopted t…
SORT-CC: A procedure for the statistical treatment of free sorting data
2008
International audience; A statistical approach for the analysis of free sorting data is discussed. In a first stage, the sorting data from each subject are arranged into a dataset consisting of indicator variables which reflect the memberships of the stimuli to the groups formed by the subject under consideration. Thereafter, an appropriate standardization is applied on these data and a three way statistical method, namely Common Components and Specific Weights Analysis, is performed on the datasets thus obtained. This makes it possible to take account of the individual differences among the subjects and to depict graphical displays showing the relationships among the stimuli on the one han…
Bone loss around narrow implants versus standard diameter implants: Retrospective 2-years case-control study
2019
Background The objectives were to evaluate the bone loss (BL) around narrow diameter implants (3.3 mm) 2 years after implant loading and compare with the bone loss around conventional-diameter implants (4.1 mm), as well as with clinical and anatomical variables. 2-years follow-up. Material and Methods Cases: 20 patients either gender-age, narrow implants (Straumann TM-SLA, diameter 3.3 mm); Control: 20 patients matching for gender-age, conventional implants (Straumann TM-SLA, diameter 4.1). Total 82 implants (31 narrow implants and 51 conventional implants) in 40 patients. To avoid statistical bias, a cluster of one implant per patient was randomly selected (20 narrow implants and 20 conven…