Search results for "Courts"
showing 10 items of 153 documents
Pre-imaginal conditioning alters adult sex pheromone response in
2018
Pheromones are chemical signals that induce innate responses in individuals of the same species that may vary with physiological and developmental state. In Drosophila melanogaster, the most intensively studied pheromone is 11-cis-vaccenyl acetate (cVA), which is synthezised in the male ejaculatory bulb and is transferred to the female during copulation. Among other effects, cVA inhibits male courtship of mated females. We found that male courtship inhibition depends on the amount of cVA and this effect is reduced in male flies derived from eggs covered with low to zero levels of cVA. This effect is not observed if the eggs are washed, or if the eggs are laid several days after copulation. …
Sexual advertisement and immune function in an arachnid species (Lycosidae)
2004
A simple version of the immunocompetence handicap hypothesizes that through condition-dependence, the size of the sexual trait may be positively related to immune function at the population level. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between sexual advertisement and immune function in a natural population of male wolf spiders, Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata (Araneae: Lycosidae). Males of H. rubrofasciata have a costly and condition-dependent acoustic signal, courtship drumming. In the mating season, males drum against dry leaves while wandering around the habitat searching for receptive females. Males increase their mating success by increasing their drumming rate and mobility.…
“Judicial Independence vs. Judicial Accountability. Judicial Selection Models for Constitutional Courts. A comparative analysis”
2012
Abstract La cronaca politica degli ultimi anni riporta un numero rilevante di confronti, dal tono più o meno conflittuale, tra le istituzioni politiche e quelle giurisdizionali. Di particolare rilevanza è che tale sorta di opposizione tra giustizia e politica coinvolga non solo l’operato delle magistrature ordinarie ma anche quello delle Corti costituzionali: le supreme garanti e guardiane di quei principi sui quali dovrebbe fondarsi l’intero ordinamento. A dispetto di ciò, esistono importanti occasioni in cui le autorità politiche e quelle giurisdizionali intrecciano i loro interessi, ed una di queste è proprio il momento in cui vengono reclutati i giudici costituzionali. Tuttavia, se…
The effect of social information from live demonstrators compared to video playback on blue tit foraging decisions.
2019
Video playback provides a promising method to study social interactions, and the number of video playback experiments has been growing in recent years. Using videos has advantages over live individuals as it increases the repeatability of demonstrations, and enables researchers to manipulate the features of the presented stimulus. How observers respond to video playback might, however, differ among species, and the efficacy of video playback should be validated by investigating if individuals’ responses to videos are comparable to their responses to live demonstrators. Here, we use a novel foraging task to compare blue tits’ (Cyanistes caeruleus) responses to social information from a live …
A glial amino-acid transporter controls synapse strength and courtship in Drosophila
2008
1097-6256 (Print) Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Mate choice is an evolutionarily critical decision that requires the detection of multiple sex-specific signals followed by central integration of these signals to direct appropriate behavior. The mechanisms controlling mate choice remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the glial amino-acid transporter genderblind controls whether Drosophila melanogaster males will attempt to mate with other males. Genderblind (gb) mutant males showed no alteration in heterosexual courtship or copulation, but were attracted to normally unappealing male species-specific chemosensory cues. As a resul…
Evidence for sex pheromones produced by males and females inBlatta orientalis (Dictyoptera, Blattidae).
1993
Males and females ofBlatta orientalis produce a volatile sex pheromone attractive at a distance. The male initiates courtship behavior by adopting a calling posture while emitting his sex pheromone. He exposes the anterior region of his tergites by stretching his abdomen horizontally. Morphological observations show the existence of male tergal glands on the anterior region of tergites 1 to 8. Behavioral assays of females utilizing methylene chloride extracts of various male body parts reveal that extracts of the anterior region of tergites are highly attractive and induce more positive responses that any other body part. Once near the male, the attracted female opens widely her genital atr…
Courtship behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster revisited
2006
0003-3472 doi: DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.01.027; Nearly all studies of Drosophila melanogaster courtship have focused exclusively on male behaviour. Female precopulatory behaviour is often relegated to ‘accept' or ‘reject' mating, and how female behaviour interacts with that of males remains largely unknown. Using a video-computing approach, we measured 10 behavioural states and 22 elementary behaviours that occur during the precopulatory phase of Canton-S (Cs) flies. Male and female behaviours were studied under a variety of social conditions. This allowed us to identify which one(s) is relevant to courtship or to general activity. Our analysis showed that the courtship repertoire was no…
Decreased sexual signalling reveals reduced viability in small populations of the drumming wolf spider Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata.
2004
One of the important goals in conservation biology is to determine reliable indicators of population viability. Sexual traits have been suggested to indicate population extinction risk, because they may be related to viability through condition dependence. Moreover, condition-dependent sexual traits may be more sensitive indicators of population viability than early life-history traits, because deleterious fitness effects of inbreeding tend to be expressed mainly at the end of the species' life history. However, empirical evidence of the significance of sexual behaviour for population viability is missing. In this study, we examined two male sexual traits and survival in 39 different-sized …
W sprawie zgodności z Konstytucją RP powoływania sędziów – członków Krajowej Rady Sądownictwa przez Sejm
2022
Przedmiotem niniejszego tekstu jest ustalenie, czy art. 9a ustawy o Krajowej Radzie Sądownictwa jest zgodny z Konstytucją RP. W celu udzielenia odpowiedzi na to pytanie przeanalizowano relacje, jakie powinny panować pomiędzy poszczególnymi władzami w systemie opartym o zasadę podziału władz. Następnie rozwiano wątpliwości co do tego, czy KRS jest organem występującym w pionie władzy sądowniczej. Ostatecznie stwierdzono, że w RP Sejm nie powinien mieć innych kompetencji kreacyjnych wobec organów władzy sądowniczej, niż tylko te, które wyraźnie przewiduje Konstytucja RP. W przeciwnym razie izba postawiona jest w pozycji nieuzasadnionej supremacji względem judykatywy, a władza sądownicza nie d…
Right to a court in democratic state ruled by law
2019
W artykule omówiono prawo do sądu w demokratycznym państwie prawnym, które stanowi gwarancję sądowej ochrony praw człowieka przed ich naruszeniem przez organy władzy publicznej. Spełnia ono dwie funkcje: po pierwsze, chroni podmiotowe prawo jednostki i wiąże wszystkie władze publiczne w zakresie ich działania w podporządkowaniu Konstytucji; po drugie, tworzy charakterystyczny system powiązania indywidualnego statusu jednostki i obiektywnego porządku prawnego, wobec tego jest współcześnie traktowane jako składnik demokratycznego państwa prawnego. Konstytucyjne ujęcie prawa do sądu może być rozpatrywane w dwóch znaczeniach: 1) jako zasada prawa konstytucyjnego; 2) jako prawo podmiotowe jednos…