Search results for "GAM"

Glycogen synthase 2 is a novel target gene of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

2007

International audience; Glycogen synthase 2 (Gys-2) is the ratelimiting enzyme in the storage of glycogen in liver and adipose tissue, yet little is known about regulation of Gys-2 transcription. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of lipid and glucose metabolism and might be hypothesized to govern glycogen synthesis as well. Here, we show that Gys-2 is a direct target gene of PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma. Expression of Gys-2 is significantly reduced in adipose tissue of PPARalpha-/-, PPARbeta/delta-/- and PPARgamma+/- mice. Furthermore, synthetic PPARbeta/delta, and gamma agonists markedly up-regulate Gys-2…

Water Structure Recovery in Chaotropic Anion Recognition: High-Affinity Binding of Dodecaborate Clusters to γ-Cyclodextrin

2015

Dodecaborate anions of the type B12X12(2-) and B12X11Y(2-) (X=H, Cl, Br, I and Y=OH, SH, NH3(+), NR3(+)) form strong (K(a) up to 10(6) L mol(-1), for B12Br12(2-)) inclusion complexes with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD). The micromolar affinities reached are the highest known for this native CD. The complexation exhibits highly negative enthalpies (up to -25 kcal mol(-1)) and entropies (TΔS up to -18.4 kcal mol(-1), both for B12I12(2-)), which position these guests at the bottom end of the well-known enthalpy-entropy correlation for CDs. The high driving force can be traced back to a chaotropic effect, according to which chaotropic anions have an intrinsic affinity to hydrophobic cavities in aqueous …

Anionic-anionic asymmetric tandem reactions: one-pot synthesis of optically pure fluorinated indolines from 2-p-tolylsulfinyl alkylbenzenes.

2008

Risk estimation for air travel-induced malaria transmission in central Europe – A mathematical modelling study

2019

Abstract Background Aim of our study was to identify conditions under which malaria transmission caused by imported infectious mosquitoes or travellers could occur at large central European airports, and if such transmission could be sustained by indigenous mosquitoes. Methods We developed a deterministic and a stochastic compartmental Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered-Susceptible (humans)/Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious (mosquitoes) model with two mosquito (imported Anopheles gambiae, indigenous A. plumbeus) and three human (travellers, airport personnel exposed/not exposed to imported A. gambiae) populations. We assessed various scenarios to identify combinations of model parameters…

The search for Muon neutrinos from northern hemisphere gamma-ray bursts with AMANDA

2007

We present the results of the analysis of neutrino observations by the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) correlated with photon observations of more than 400 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) in the Northern Hemisphere from 1997 to 2003. During this time period, AMANDA's effective collection area for muon neutrinos was larger than that of any other existing detector. Based on our observations of zero neutrinos during and immediately prior to the GRBs in the dataset, we set the most stringent upper limit on muon neutrino emission correlated with gamma-ray bursts. Assuming a Waxman-Bahcall spectrum and incorporating all systematic uncertainties, our flux upper limit has a normalizatio…

Fractional order hereditariness of knee human ligament and tendon

2017

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) is one of the four major ligaments in the knee, playing a critical role in stabilizing the joint. ACL is highly susceptible to injury, overall during sport activities, often precipitating catastrophic long-term joint outcomes. The ideal replacement graft for a torn ACL would restore native anatomy and function to the knee. Most commonly used autograft and allograft, including patellar tendon (P) and hamstring tendon (H) graft, or bioengineered synthetic grafts, may substantially alter the biomechanics of the knee, permitting a return to only moderate physical activities [1]. Main issues are the sub-optimal graft properties [2] and a still incomplete biomecha…

How preconditioning and pretensioning of grafts used in ACLigaments surgical reconstruction are influenced by their mechanical time-dependent charact…

2021

Abstract Purpose Consensus about a pre-implant preparation protocol adaptable to any graft used in Anterior Cruciate Ligament reconstruction is still lacking. In fact, there is not agreement on reliable metrics that consider both specific graft dimensional characteristics, such as its diameter, and the inherent properties of its constitutive material, i.e. ligaments or tendons. Aim of the present study was to investigate and propose the applied engineering stress as a possible metrics. Methods Preconditioning and pretensioning protocol involved groups of grafts with different section (10 or 32 mm2) and materials (i.e. human patellar and hamstring tendons, and synthetic grafts). A 140 N load…

Polycerasoidol, a Natural Prenylated Benzopyran with a Dual PPARα/PPARγ Agonist Activity and Anti-inflammatory Effect

2019

Dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α/γ (PPARα/γ) agonists regulate both lipid and glucose homeostasis under different metabolic conditions and can exert anti-inflammatory activity. We investigated the potential dual PPARα/γ agonism of prenylated benzopyrans polycerasoidol (1) and polycerasoidin (2) and their derivatives for novel drug development. Nine semisynthetic derivatives were prepared from the natural polycerasoidol (1) and polycerasoidin (2), which were evaluated for PPARα, -γ, -δ and retinoid X receptor-α activity in transactivation assays. Polycerasoidol (1) exhibited potent dual PPARα/γ agonism and low cytotoxicity. Structure–activity relationship studies revealed th…

Accumulation of Amphotericin B in Human Macrophages Enhances Activity against Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia: Quantification of Conidial Kill at the S…

1998

ABSTRACT A cytofluorometric assay that allowed assessment of damage to phagocytosed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia at the single-cell level was developed. After ingestion by monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), conidia were reisolated by treatment of the cells with streptolysin O, a pore-forming toxin with lytic properties on mammalian cells but not on fungi. The counts obtained by staining of damaged conidia with propidium iodide and quantification by cytofluorometry correlated with colony counts. By the use of this method, we demonstrate that MDMs differentiated in vitro by low-dose granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and gamma interferon have only a limited capacity to damage…

In vivo γδ T Cell Priming to Mycobacterial Antigens by Primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Exposure to Nonpeptidic Ligands

1999

The recognition of phosphorylated nonpeptidic microbial metabolites by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells does not appear to require the presence of MHC molecules or antigen processing, permitting rapid responses against microbial pathogens. These may constitute an important area of natural anti-infectious immunity. To provide evidence of their involvement in immune reactivities against mycobacteria, we measured the responsiveness of peripheral blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells in children with primary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 22 children with MTB infections and 16 positivity of tuberculin (PPD)-negative healthy children were exposed to nonpeptidic antigens in vit…