Search results for "RULE"
showing 10 items of 1403 documents
Legionella pneumophila pangenome reveals strain-specific virulence factors
2010
Abstract Background Legionella pneumophila subsp. pneumophila is a gram-negative γ-Proteobacterium and the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a form of epidemic pneumonia. It has a water-related life cycle. In industrialized cities L. pneumophila is commonly encountered in refrigeration towers and water pipes. Infection is always via infected aerosols to humans. Although many efforts have been made to eradicate Legionella from buildings, it still contaminates the water systems. The town of Alcoy (Valencian Region, Spain) has had recurrent outbreaks since 1999. The strain "Alcoy 2300/99" is a particularly persistent and recurrent strain that was isolated during one of the most signifi…
Interactions among bacterial strains and fluke genotypes shape virulence of co-infection.
2015
Most studies of virulence of infection focus on pairwise host–parasite interactions. However, hosts are almost universally co-infected by several parasite strains and/or genotypes of the same or different species. While theory predicts that co-infection favours more virulent parasite genotypes through intensified competition for host resources, knowledge of the effects of genotype by genotype (G × G) interactions between unrelated parasite species on virulence of co-infection is limited. Here, we tested such a relationship by challenging rainbow trout with replicated bacterial strains and fluke genotypes both singly and in all possible pairwise combinations. We found that virulence (host mo…
Der meteorit von Breitscheid—III petrographische untersuchung
1959
Abstract The meteorite of Breitscheid is a grey-veined bronzite-olivine-chondrite containing nickel-iron and troilite. It has a remarkably high volume of pores of about 10 per cent. The density of the solid is 3·7, of the stone as a whole 3.3. The chondrules take about 20 per cent of the volume of the stone. The ore minerals are: nickel-iron (kamacite and taenite), troilite, chromite, ilmenite and besides, in the melting crust, magnetite. Especially ilmenite—until recently doubtful as a constituent of meteorites—could be proved in a convincing manner. The silicate constituents are: olivine, bronzite, clinopyroxene, plagioclase (?), glass and a few minerals which could not be identified. The…
Estado de derecho y práctica de los derechos humanos
2016
This article is divided in two parts. In the first one it faces the concepts of (and relationship between) the rule of law and human rights. In the second one, this topic will be analyzed from the point of view of the evolution of law, what implies also the evolution of the rule of law. In the first part, the aim is to show that rule of law and human rights are two different but complementary practices, both able to realize different aspects of justice, both necessary for the success of law. The rule of law regards the way of decision making for coordination; human rights aim for the protection of fundamental interests of human beings. In different points these two practices interact, but i…
Financial Sector Reform after the Crisis: Has Anything Happened?
2013
We analyze the reaction of stock returns and CDS spreads of banks from Europe and the United States to four major regulatory reforms in the aftermath of the subprime crisis, employing an event study analysis. In contrast to the public perception that nothing has happened, we find that financial markets indeed reacted to the structural reforms enacted at the national level. All reforms succeeded in reducing bail-out expectations, especially for systemic banks. However, banks’ profitability was also affected, showing up in lower equity returns. The strongest effects were found for the Dodd-Frank Act (especially the Volcker rule), whereas market reactions to the German restructuring law were s…
Secretin—cerulein test and fecal chymotrypsin concentration in children with intestinal giardiasis
1993
We studied six patients with giardiasis (five males, one female), median age 3.5 yr (range 1-11) and 12 healthy control subjects (10 males, 2 females), median age 3.5 yr (range 1-10). Intestinal biopsy and a contemporaneous secretin-cerulein test were performed in all patients, and fecal chymotrypsin was also assayed. Intestinal biopsy was normal in five of the six patients with giardiasis, whereas one of the six presented a partial atrophy of the intestinal villi. The secretin-cerulein test (1 CU/kg of secretin + 75 ng/kg of cerulein) did not show any significant difference between values in the outputs of chymotrypsin, lipase, phospholipase, and bicarbonate obtained in patients and in con…
"Restauro del moderno: progetti a Gibellina"
2012
L'articolo illustra un gruppo di progetti su Gibellina elaborati all'interno del Dottorato in Progettazione Architettonica di Palermo. Questo ha come tema Il restauro del moderno e si è concentrato per un anno sul tema delle città di fondazione, in particolare Gibellina e Messina There is no profound difference between restoration and design because each restoration is a design, although of a special kind. In this case the design is not an independent operation because the 'system of rules' intrinsic to the building in question must be identified. Reference to generally acclaimed instances in restoration of the modern allow an architect to relate more closely to this system through an analy…
Role of the metalloprotease Vvp and the virulence plasmid pR99 of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E in surface colonization and fish virulence.
2007
The virulence for eels of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar E (VSE) is conferred by a plasmid that codifies ability to survive in eel serum and cause septicaemia. To find out whether the plasmid and the selected chromosomal gene vvp plays a role in the initial steps of infection, the VSE strain CECT4999, the cured strain CT218 and the Vvp-deficient mutant CT201 (obtained in this work by allelic exchange) were used in colonization and virulence experiments. The eel avirulent biotype 1 (BT1) strain YJ016, whose genome has been sequenced, was used for comparative purposes. The global results demonstrate that the plasmid does not play a significant role in surface colonization because (i) CEC…
Rich resource environment of fish farms facilitates phenotypic variation and virulence in an opportunistic fish pathogen
2020
Phenotypic variation is suggested to facilitate the persistence of environmentally growing pathogens under environmental change. Here, we hypothesized that the intensive farming environment induces higher phenotypic variation in microbial pathogens than natural environment, because of high stochasticity for growth and stronger survival selection compared to the natural environment. We tested the hypothesis with an opportunistic fish pathogen Flavobacterium columnare isolated either from fish farms or from natural waters. We measured growth parameters of two morphotypes from all isolates in different resource concentrations and two temperatures relevant for the occurrence of disease epidemic…
A comparative epizootiologic study of the two fish-pathogenic serovars ofVibrio vulnificusbiotype 2
2010
Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 is subdivided into two main serovars, serovar E, able to infect fish and humans, and serovar A, only virulent for fish. Serovar E emerged in 1976 as the causative agent of a haemorrhagic septicaemia (warm-water vibriosis) affecting eels cultured in brackish water. Serovar A emerged in 2000 in freshwater-cultured eels vaccinated against serovar E, causing warm-water vibriosis with fish showing a haemorrhagic intestine as the main differential sign. The aim of the present work was to compare the disease caused by both serovars in terms of transmission routes, portals of entry and host range. Results of bath, patch-contact and oral-anal challenges demonstrated that …