Search results for "Vegetal Biology"

The pea genome and beyond

2019

International audience; The recently generated pea genome sequence is a significant step for the pea research community towards unravelling functional diversity and establishing genome-enabled breeding. Re-sequencing data reveal the considerable diversity present in the Pisum genus. High-throughput genotyping is now available to explore large collections using the exome capture technology in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) or tackle map-based QTL cloning. Furthermore, genomic selection strategies have been developed in order to tackle complex traits such as yield regularity and improve selection efficiency. We will present snapshots of these results and discuss potential transfer of …

In vitro biotechnology approaches now available for ‘beautiful’ vavilovia (Vavilovia formosa)

2014

BAP Pôle GEAPSI; Efficient in vitro propagation of Vavilovia formosa, plant regeneration from callus, protoplast isolation and culture to differentiated callus of V.formosa were developed and its relative nuclear DNA content by flow cytometry was established. The summation of biotechnology tools now available should foster evolutionary studies on the tribe Fabeae and, intime, V.formosa could be come a potential source of novel agronomic adaptive traits.

Etudes des mécanismes moleculaires et cellulaires intervenant au cours de l'interaction de Candidi albicans avec les cellules intestinales caco-2 : r…

2015

Toward a better prediction of in-field weed regulation by carabid beetles in European arable landscapes

2019

International audience; Arable agriculture is still highly reliant on herbicides to manage weeds. As part of the necessary shift towards a reduction in pesticide use, the regulatory effect of seed-eating carabid beetles on weeds has received increasing attention in agroecological research. While strong evidence points to carabids exerting a regulatory effect on certain weed species, it is difficult to predict whether a particular assemblage of carabid species will drive the function of weed seed predation in field conditions. There are also uncertainties about which key local and landscape-scale factors affect the function of weed seed predation. In this paper, we report on specific researc…

Le paysage agricole: un levier d’action pour promouvoir la prédation des graines d’adventices par les carabidés

2014

L’organisation spatiale du paysage : un levier d’action pour promouvoir le service de prédation des graines d’adventices par les carabidés ?

2014

National audience; Le contexte actuel engage à développer une agriculture durable et entre autres de favoriser des services écosystémiques comme la régulation biologique des bio-agresseurs par des auxiliaires de cultures. Parmi les processus impliqués dans ces régulations biologiques, la prédation des graines d’adventices par les coléoptères carabidés opère de façon générique dans les parcelles cultivées et peut être considérée comme un service écosystémique. Elle résulte de l’action de certaines espèces ‘granivores’ spécialistes souvent peu abondantes dans les champs ainsi que de l’action d’espèces omnivores pour lesquelles les graines d’adventices peuvent représenter une ressource alterna…

Influence du colza et des prairies à différentes échelles spatiales sur l’abondance des carabes prédateurs de graines d’adventices

2014

National audience; Les coléoptères carabidae sont très représentés dans les cultures annuelles où ils peuvent contribuer au contrôle biologique de bioagresseurs. Ainsi, les carabes omnivores et granivores consomment des quantités importantes de graines de plantes adventices. Des études récentes suggèrent que la réponse des communautés de carabes à l’organisation du paysage est en partie dépendante de leur guilde trophique. Néanmoins, dans le cas de carabes consommateurs de graines d’adventices, on connait peu les types d’occupation du sol qui les favorisent au sein d’un paysage et l’échelle spatiale à laquelle ces insectes répondent. Ici, nous avons analysé les variations de l’abondance de …

Un état des connaissances sur la prédation des graines adventices par les invertébrés

2013

Adopting agro-ecological management in farming systems requires a good knowledge of the different organisms that interact within the agorecosystem. Research on weed seed predation by invertebrates (Coleoptera, Adephaga, Carabidae) is booming. Here, we present an overview of current available knowledge on this ecosystem service and factors that may be important to enhance it.

Can obligatory omnivore carabids be useful for the biocontrol of weeds?

2017

National audience; Many thousands of carabid individuals exist in farm fields, in communities of carnivore and opportunistic (e.g. granivores) and obligate omnivore guilds. As carabids can eat a substantial amount of weed seeds they are considered as credible biocontrol agents for the regulation of weeds in arable fields. Some studies have suggested that “granivores” are more important biocontrol agents than obligate omnivorous species. Yet, in some instances, obligate omnivores are very abundant and appear to drive the predation of weeds leading some authors to question whether specialist natural enemies are better. Moreover, niche complementarity, facilitation and interference (i.e. intra…

Characterization of the biosynthesis of saponins during seed development in peas (Pisum sativum)

2019

National audience; The use of pulses as ingredients for the production of food products rich in plant proteins is increasing. However, protein fractions prepared from pea or other pulses contain significant amounts of saponins, glycosylated triterpenes which can impart a bitter taste to the final food product. Bitter flavours are currently either removed by energy-requiring physico-chemical treatments or masked by additives. We are in the process of identifying and characterizing the genes involved in saponin biosynthesis during pea seed development, with the objective of identifying mutants in which seed saponins no longer accumulate. To do this we have applied a saponin extraction protoco…