Author: Rodney Atkinson

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AUTHOR

Rodney Atkinson

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The Politicisation of Banking

1985

Growing government intervention in the international currency markets has distorted incentives and disguised risks. Rodney Atkinson, formerly an economist with Grindlay's Bank, argues that increasing state interference has led bankers to respond to political, not commercial, signals. Many bankers are now rewarded according to their ability to ‘work the system’ rather than for economic expertise.

International currencymedia_common.quotation_subjectGeography Planning and DevelopmentAerospace EngineeringDevelopmentPoliticsIncentiveWork (electrical)State (polity)EconomyEconomic interventionismPolitical economyEconomicsmedia_commonEconomic Affairs

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PEPhysical Sciences and Engineering
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  - PE2_1Theory of fundamental interactions
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  - PE2_3Experimental particle physics with accelerators
  - PE2_4Experimental particle physics without accelerators
  - PE2_6Nuclear, hadron and heavy ion physics
  - PE2_8Gas and plasma physics
  - PE2_5Classical and quantum physics of gravitational interactions
  - PE2_7Nuclear and particle astrophysics
  - PE2_9 Electromagnetism
  - PE2_10Atomic, molecular physics
  - PE2_11Ultra-cold atoms and molecules
  - PE2_18Equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics: steady states and dynamics
  - PE2_14Lasers, ultra-short lasers and laser physics
  - PE2_17Metrology and measurement
  - PE2_16Non-linear physics
  - PE2_12Optics, non-linear optics and nano-optics
  - PE2_13Quantum optics and quantum information
  - PE2_15Thermodynamics
- PE1Mathematics
  - PE1_1Logic and foundations
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  - PE1_7Topology
  - PE1_9Operator algebras and functional analysis
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  - PE1_11Theoretical aspects of partial differential equations
  - PE1_13Probability
  - PE1_14Mathematical statistics
  - PE1_15Generic statistical methodology and modelling
  - PE1_4 Algebraic and complex geometry
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  - PE1_2Algebra
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  - PE1_5Lie groups, Lie algebras
  - PE1_18Numerical analysis
  - PE1_16Discrete mathematics and combinatorics
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  - PE1_3Number theory
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  - PE3_1Structure of solids, material growth and characterisation
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  - PE3_3Transport properties of condensed matter
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  - PE3_9 Condensed matter – beam interactions (photons, electrons, etc.)
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  - PE4_6Chemical physics
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  - PE4_8Electrochemistry, electrodialysis, microfluidics, sensors
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  - PE10_2Meteorology, atmospheric physics and dynamics
  - PE10_7Physics of earth’s interior, seismology, geodynamics
  - PE10_9Biogeochemistry, biogeochemical cycles, environmental chemistry
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  - PE10_1Atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric composition, air pollution
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  - PE10_13Physical geography, geomorphology
  - PE10_12Sedimentology, soil science, palaeontology, earth evolution
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  - PE11_2Engineering of metals and alloys
  - PE11_1Engineering of biomaterials, biomimetic, bioinspired and bio-enabled materials
  - PE11_3Engineering of ceramics and glasses
  - PE11_4Engineering of polymers and plastics
  - PE11_5Engineering of composites and hybrid materials
  - PE11_6Engineering of carbon materials
  - PE11_7Engineering of metal oxides
  - PE11_8Engineering of alternative established or emergent materials
  - PE11_9Nanomaterials engineering, e.g. nanoparticles, nanoporous materials, 1D & 2D nanomaterials
  - PE11_10Soft materials engineering, e.g. gels, foams, colloids
  - PE11_11Porous materials engineering, e.g. covalent-organic, metal-organic, porous aromatic frameworks
  - PE11_12Semi-conducting and magnetic materials engineering
  - PE11_13Metamaterials engineering
  - PE11_14Computational methods for materials engineering
LSLife Sciences
- LS1Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
  - LS1_2Biochemistry
  - LS1_1Macromolecular complexes including interactions involving nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
  - LS1_3DNA and RNA biology
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  - LS1_5Lipid biology
  - LS1_6Glycobiology
  - LS1_11Chemical biology
  - LS1_12Protein design
  - LS1_13Early translational research and drug design
  - LS1_14Innovative methods and modelling in molecular, structural and synthetic biology
  - LS1_10Synthetic biology
  - LS1_8Structural biology
  - LS1_9Molecular mechanisms of signalling processes
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  - LS4_1Organ and tissue physiology and pathophysiology
  - LS4_4Endocrinology
  - LS4_3Physiology of ageing
  - LS4_2Comparative physiology
  - LS4_5Non-hormonal mechanisms of inter-organ and tissue communication
  - LS4_6Microbiome and host physiology
  - LS4_7Nutrition and exercise physiology
  - LS4_8Impact of stress (including environmental stress) on physiology
  - LS4_9Metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity
  - LS4_10The cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases
  - LS4_11Haematopoiesis and blood diseases
  - LS4_12Cancer
  - LS4_13Other non-communicable diseases (except disorders of the nervous system and immunity-related diseases)
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  - LS3_5Cell signalling and signal transduction, exosome biology
  - LS3_6Organelle biology and trafficking
  - LS3_7Mechanobiology of cells, tissues and organs
  - LS3_8Embryogenesis, pattern formation, morphogenesis
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  - LS3_3Cell behaviour, including control of cell shape, cell migration
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  - LS3_14Regeneration
  - LS3_15Development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration
  - LS3_17Theoretical modelling in cellular, developmental and regenerative biology
  - LS3_16Functional imaging of cells and tissues
  - LS3_1Cell cycle, cell division and growth
  - LS3_2Cell senescence, cell death, autophagy, cell ageing
- LS5Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
  - LS5_1Neuronal cells
  - LS5_3Neural development and related disorders
  - LS5_5Neural networks and plasticity
  - LS5_10Ageing of the nervous system
  - LS5_11Neurological and neurodegenerative disorders
  - LS5_12Mental disorders
  - LS5_7Sensory systems, sensation and perception, including pain
  - LS5_13Nervous system injuries and trauma, stroke
  - LS5_14Repair and regeneration of the nervous system
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  - LS5_16Systems and computational neuroscience (e.g. modelling, simulation, brain oscillations, connectomics)
  - LS5_18Innovative methods and tools for neuroscience
  - LS5_17Imaging in neuroscience
  - LS5_9Neural basis of cognition (e.g. learning, memory, attention, emotions, speech)
  - LS5_6Neurovascular biology and blood-brain barrier
  - LS5_8Neural basis of behaviour (e.g. sleep, consciousness, addiction)
  - LS5_4Neural stem cells
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  - LS6_1Innate immunity
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  - LS8_6Evolutionary ecology
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  - LS8_15Theoretical developments and modelling in environmental biology, ecology, and evolution
- LS9Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
  - LS9_3Bioengineering of cells, tissues, organs and organisms
  - LS9_2Applied genetics, gene editing and transgenic organisms
  - LS9_4Microbial biotechnology and bioengineering
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  - LS9_6Marine biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_7Environmental biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_8Applied plant sciences, plant breeding, agroecology and soil biology
  - LS9_10Veterinary and applied animal sciences
  - LS9_9Plant pathology and pest resistance
  - LS9_11Biomass production and utilisation, biofuels
  - LS9_12Ecotoxicology, biohazards and biosafety
  - LS9_1Bioengineering for synthetic and chemical biology
SHSocial Sciences and Humanities
- SH2Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
  - SH2_1Political systems, governance
  - SH2_2Democratisation and social movements
  - SH2_3Conflict resolution, war, peace building
  - SH2_4Legal studies, comparative law, law and economics
  - SH2_5Constitutions, human rights, international law
  - SH2_6International relations, global and transnational governance
  - SH2_7Humanitarian assistance and development
  - SH2_8Political and legal philosophy
  - SH2_9Digital approaches to political science and law
- SH1Individuals, Markets and Organisations
  - SH1_6Banking, insurance
  - SH1_7Accounting, asset prices, auditing
  - SH1_8Econometrics, game theory, decision theory
  - SH1_9Behavioural economics; experimental economics; neuro-economics
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  - SH1_10Microeconomics, industrial organisation, applied microeconomics
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  - SH1_12Management; operations management, international management
  - SH1_13Human resource management; organisational behaviour
  - SH1_14Strategy, operation research
  - SH1_15Marketing, consumer behaviour
  - SH1_3Development economics political economics
  - SH1_1Macroeconomics; monetary economics; economic growth, labour economics
  - SH1_4Finance; financial markets
  - SH1_16Quantitative economic history, economic systems, institutional economics
  - SH1_5Corporate finance; international finance
- SH3The Social World and Its Interactions
  - SH3_1Social structure, social mobility, social innovation
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  - SH3_11Digital social research
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  - SH3_12Social studies of science and technology
  - SH3_6Social influence; power and group behaviour
- SH4The Human Mind and Its Complexity
  - SH4_1Cognitive basis of human development, developmental disorders; comparative cognition
  - SH4_2Personality and social cognition; emotion
  - SH4_3Clinical and health psychology
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  - SH4_6Learning, memory; cognition in ageing
  - SH4_7Reasoning, decision-making; intelligence
  - SH4_8Language learning and processing (first and second languages)
  - SH4_11Pragmatics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, discourse analysis
  - SH4_9Theoretical linguistics; computational linguistics
  - SH4_10Language typology; historical linguistics
- SH6The Study of the Human Past
  - SH6_1Archaeological methods and theory, history of archaeology
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  - SH6_11Global, transnational, and comparative history
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  - SH6_9Early modern, modern, and contemporary history
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  - SH6_5Archaeological science, bioarchaeology, environmental archaeology, geoarchaeology
  - SH6_4Medieval and post-medieval archaeologies
- SH5Texts and Concepts
  - SH5_4Philology; text and image studies
  - SH5_1Classics, ancient literature
  - SH5_5Palaeography and codicology
  - SH5_3Book studies
  - SH5_6Philosophy of mind, philosophy of language
  - SH5_7Philosophy of science, epistemology, logic
  - SH5_8Metaphysics, philosophical anthropology; aesthetics
  - SH5_9Ethics and its applications; social philosophy
  - SH5_10History of philosophy
  - SH5_11Digital humanities; digital approaches to literary studies and philosophy
  - SH5_2Theory and history of literature, comparative literature
- SH7Human Mobility, Environment, and Space
  - SH7_2Migration
  - SH7_1Human, economic and social geography
  - SH7_3Population dynamics: households, family and fertility
  - SH7_5Sustainability sciences, environment and resources, ecosystem services
  - SH7_4Social aspects of health, ageing and society
  - SH7_6Environmental and climate change, societal impact and policy
  - SH7_7Cities; urban, regional and rural studies
  - SH7_8Land use and planning
  - SH7_10GIS, spatial analysis; digital geography
  - SH7_9Energy, transportation and mobility
- SH8Studies of Cultures and Arts
  - SH8_1Kinship; diversity and identities, gender, interethnic relations
  - SH8_2Religious studies, ritual; symbolic representation
  - SH8_3Cultural studies and theory, cultural identities and memories, cultural heritage
  - SH8_4Museums, exhibitions, conservation and restoration
  - SH8_5History of art and of architecture
  - SH8_6Architecture, design, craft, creative industries
  - SH8_7Music and musicology; history of music
  - SH8_8Visual and performing arts, screen, arts-based research
  - SH8_9Digital approaches to anthropology, cultural studies and art