Head and Neck Blocks

1988

Central Neural Blocks

1988

The spinal column consists of vertebral bodies which together form 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 4 coccygeal vertebrae (see Transparency 1). A typical vertebra consists of two basic parts: the ventral vertebral body and the dorsal vertebral arch. Between the vertebral bodies are the intervertebral disks, which give the spinal column its flexibility. Together, the vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disks form a strong column supporting the head and trunk, while the vertebral arch protects the spinal cord. When the spinal column is viewed from the side, four flexures are visible: the thoracic and the sacrococcygeal flexures are concave ventrally, while the cervical and…

Blocks of the Trunk and Perineum

1988

Intercostal nerve block was derived from thoracic paravertebral block. Its origin can thus be traced to the beginning of the century (see Sect. VII. B).

Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

1988

Intravenous regional anesthesia was first described by Bier in 1908. The technique fell into disuse until 1963, when Holmes revived the technique by substituting lidocaine for procaine (see Sect. V. D, “Choice and Dosage of Agents”).

Autonomic Nerve Blocks

1988

Selective block of the sympathetic trunk was first reported by Sellheim and, shortly thereafter, by Lawen, Kappis, and Finsterer (1905–1910). In 1924, reports were published by Brumm and Mandl and by Swertlow. After 1930, the technique and the indications were established by White in the United States and Leriche and Fontaine in Europe.

Upper-Extremity Blocks

1988

Brachial plexus block was first performed in 1885 by William Steward Halsted, who used cocaine and direct exposure of the roots in the neck to accomplish the block. In 1911, Hirschel and Kulenkampff described the first percutaneous brachial plexus block by the axillary and supraclavicular routes respectively. Since these historic reports, the efficacy of brachial plexus block has been confirmed, and the block is now commonly used to provide upperextremity anesthesia.

Lower-Extremity Blocks

1988

Operations on the lower extremities are commonly performed with either subarachnoid or epidural block. Although conduction anesthesia has a high rate of success and is relatively easy to perform, subarachnoid or epidural procedures may not be indicated for certain groups of patients, including the elderly, debilitated, arthritic, obese, or critically ill. With such patients, lowerextremity regional anesthesia can be accomplished by blocking the lumbosacral plexus or its branches.