Bioinformatic flowchart and database to investigate the origins and diversity of Clan AA peptidases

Abstract Background Clan AA of aspartic peptidases relates the family of pepsin monomers evolutionarily with all dimeric peptidases encoded by eukaryotic LTR retroelements. Recent findings describing various pools of single-domain nonviral host peptidases, in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, indicate that the diversity of clan AA is larger than previously thought. The ensuing approach to investigate this enzyme group is by studying its phylogeny. However, clan AA is a difficult case to study due to the low similarity and different rates of evolution. This work is an ongoing attempt to investigate the different clan AA families to understand the cause of their diversity. Results In this paper, we…

Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer.

Exosome production from cancer-associated fibroblasts seems to be an important driver of tumor progression. We report the first in-depth biotype characterization of ncRNAs, analyzed by Next Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics, expressed in established primary human normal and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from cancer and normal mucosa tissues from 9 colorectal cancer patients, and/or packaged in their derived exosomes. Differential representation and enrichment analyses based on these ncRNAs revealed a significant number of differences between the ncRNA content of exosomes and the expression patterns of the normal and cancer-associated fibroblast cells. ncRNA regulatory elements…

Simulating the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions limiting transmission in COVID-19 epidemics using a membrane computing model

Epidemics caused by microbial organisms are part of the natural phenomena of increasing biological complexity. The heterogeneity and constant variability of hosts, in terms of age, immunological status, family structure, lifestyle, work activities, social and leisure habits, daily division of time and other demographic characteristics make it extremely difficult to predict the evolution of epidemics. Such prediction is, however, critical for implementing intervention measures in due time and with appropriate intensity. General conclusions should be precluded, given that local parameters dominate the flow of local epidemics. Membrane computing models allows us to reproduce the objects (virus…

Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Recent Species-specific Gene Duplications in the Plastic Gilthead Sea Bream

AbstractGilthead sea bream is an economically important fish species that is remarkably well-adapted to farming and changing environments. Understanding the genomic basis of this plasticity will serve to orientate domestication and selective breeding towards more robust and efficient fish. To address this goal, a draft genome assembly was reconstructed combining short- and long-read high-throughput sequencing with genetic linkage maps. The assembled unmasked genome spans 1.24 Gb of an expected 1.59 Gb genome size with 932 scaffolds (∼732 Mb) anchored to 24 chromosomes that are available as a karyotype browser at www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreambrowser. Homology-based functional annotation, …

GyDB mobilomics: LTR retroelements and integrase-related transposons of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum genome

[EN] The Gypsy Database concerning Mobile Genetic Elements (release 2.0) is a wiki-style project devoted to the phylogenetic classification of LTR retroelements and their viral and host gene relatives characterized from distinct organisms. Furthermore, GyDB 2.0 is concerned with studying mobile elements within genomes. Therefore, an in-progress repository was created for databases with annotations of mobile genetic elements from particular genomes. This repository is called Mobilomics and the first uploaded database contains 549 LTR retroelements and related transposases which have been annotated from the genome of the Pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Mobilomics is accessible from the GyDB 2.…

Relationships of gag-pol diversity between Ty3/Gypsy and Retroviridae LTR retroelements and the three kings hypothesis

Abstract Background The origin of vertebrate retroviruses (Retroviridae) is yet to be thoroughly investigated, but due to their similarity and identical gag-pol (and env) genome structure, it is accepted that they evolve from Ty3/Gypsy LTR retroelements the retrotransposons and retroviruses of plants, fungi and animals. These 2 groups of LTR retroelements code for 3 proteins rarely studied due to the high variability – gag polyprotein, protease and GPY/F module. In relation to 3 previously proposed Retroviridae classes I, II and II, investigation of the above proteins conclusively uncovers important insights regarding the ancient history of Ty3/Gypsy and Retroviridae LTR retroelements. Resu…

On the transposon origins of mammalian SCAND3 and KRBA2, two zinc-finger genes carrying an integrase/transposase domain

SCAND3 and KRBA2 are two mammalian proteins originally described as “cellular-integrases” due to sharing of a similar DDE-type integrase domain whose origin and relationship with other recombinases remain unclear. Here we perform phylogenetic analyses of 341 integrase/transposase sequences to reveal that the integrase domain of SCAND3 and KRBA2 derives from the same clade of GINGER2, a superfamily of cut-and-paste transposons widely distributed in insects and other protostomes, but seemingly absent or extinct in vertebrates. Finally, we integrate the results of phylogenetic analyses to the taxonomic distribution of SCAND3 and KRBA2 and their transposon relatives to discuss some of the proce…

Functional characterization of SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests a complex inflammatory response and metabolic alterations

AbstractCovid-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has reached the category of a worldwide pandemic. Even though intensive efforts, no effective treatments or a vaccine are available. Molecular characterization of the transcriptional response in Covid-19 patients could be helpful to identify therapeutic targets. In this study, RNAseq data from peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples from Covid-19 patients and healthy controls was analyzed from a functional point of view using probabilistic graphical models. Two networks were built: one based on genes differentially expressed between healthy and infected individuals and another one based on the 2,000 most variable genes in terms of expressi…

Network dynamics of eukaryotic LTR retroelements beyond phylogenetic trees

Abstract Background Sequencing projects have allowed diverse retroviruses and LTR retrotransposons from different eukaryotic organisms to be characterized. It is known that retroviruses and other retro-transcribing viruses evolve from LTR retrotransposons and that this whole system clusters into five families: Ty3/Gypsy, Retroviridae, Ty1/Copia, Bel/Pao and Caulimoviridae. Phylogenetic analyses usually show that these split into multiple distinct lineages but what is yet to be understood is how deep evolution occurred in this system. Results We combined phylogenetic and graph analyses to investigate the history of LTR retroelements both as a tree and as a network. We used 268 non-redundant …

Oral microbiome in Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia exhibits loss of diversity and enrichment of pathogens.

Abstract Objectives Oral microbiome plays an important role in oral diseases. Among them, proliferative verrucous leucoplakia (PVL) is an uncommon form of progressive multifocal leukoplakia with a worryingly rate of malignant transformation. Here, we aimed to characterize the oral microbiome of PVL patients and compare it with those of healthy controls. Material and methods Oral biopsies from ten PVL patients and five healthy individuals were obtained and used to compare their microbial communities. The sequence of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was used as the taxonomic basis to estimate and analyze the composition and diversity of bacterial populations present in the samples. Results O…

Sialotranscriptomics of the argasid tick ornithodoros moubata along the trophogonic cycle

32 páginas, 8 tablas, 6 figuras

Simulating multilevel dynamics of antimicrobial resistance in a membrane computing model

Membrane computing is a bio-inspired computing paradigm whose devices are the so-called membrane systems or P systems. The P system designed in this work reproduces complex biological landscapes in the computer world. It uses nested “membrane-surrounded entities” able to divide, propagate, and die; to be transferred into other membranes; to exchange informative material according to flexible rules; and to mutate and be selected by external agents. This allows the exploration of hierarchical interactive dynamics resulting from the probabilistic interaction of genes (phenotypes), clones, species, hosts, environments, and antibiotic challenges. Our model facilitates analysis of several aspects…

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Metaviridae

Metaviridae is a family of retrotransposons and reverse-transcribing viruses with long terminal repeats belonging to the order Ortervirales. Members of the genera Errantivirus and Metavirus include, respectively, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ty3 virus and its Gypsy-like relatives in drosophilids. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Metaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/metaviridae.

Client Applications and Server-Side Docker for Management of RNASeq and/or VariantSeq Workflows and Pipelines of the GPRO Suite

The GPRO suite is an in-progress bioinformatic project for -omics data analysis. As part of the continued growth of this project, we introduce a client- and server-side solution for comparative transcriptomics and analysis of variants. The client-side consists of two Java applications called “RNASeq” and “VariantSeq” to manage pipelines and workflows based on the most common command line interface tools for RNA-seq and Variant-seq analysis, respectively. As such, “RNASeq” and “VariantSeq” are coupled with a Linux server infrastructure (named GPRO Server-Side) that hosts all dependencies of each application (scripts, databases, and command line interface software). Implementation of the Serv…

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Pseudoviridae

Pseudoviridae is a family of reverse-transcribing viruses with long terminal repeats (LTRs) belonging to the order Ortervirales. Pseudoviruses are commonly found integrated in the genomes of diverse plants, fungi and animals and are broadly known as Ty1/Copia LTR retrotransposons. Inside the cell, they form icosahedral virus particles, but unlike most other viruses, do not have an extracellular phase. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Pseudoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/pseudoviridae.

The gypsy database (GyDB) of mobile genetic elements: release 2.0

This article introduces the second release of the Gypsy Database of Mobile Genetic Elements (GyDB 2.0): a research project devoted to the evolutionary dynamics of viruses and transposable elements based on their phylogenetic classification (per lineage and protein domain). The Gypsy Database (GyDB) is a long-term project that is continuously progressing, and that owing to the high molecular diversity of mobile elements requires to be completed in several stages. GyDB 2.0 has been powered with a wiki to allow other researchers participate in the project. The current database stage and scope are long terminal repeats (LTR) retroelements and relatives. GyDB 2.0 is an update based on the analys…

Metagenomics Analysis Reveals an Extraordinary Inner Bacterial Diversity in Anisakids (Nematoda: Anisakidae) L3 Larvae

This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasitic Diseases from Wild Animals with Emphasis in Zoonotic Infections.

ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Belpaoviridae 2021

The family Belpaoviridae comprises metazoan-infecting reverse-transcribing viruses with long terminal repeats, commonly known as Bel/Pao LTR retrotransposons. These viruses share evolutionary history and genes involved in genome replication and virion formation with reverse-transcribing viruses of the families Metaviridae, Pseudoviridae, Retroviridae and Caulimoviridae. These five families form the order Ortervirales. This is a summary of the ICTV Report on the family Belpaoviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/belpaoviridae.

Additional file 1: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Supplementary material and methods. (DOCX 28 kb)

Analysis of the Transcriptome of the Red Seaweed Grateloupia imbricata with Emphasis on Reproductive Potential

Grateloupia imbricata is an intertidal marine seaweed and candidate model organism for both industry and academic research, owing to its ability to produce raw materials such as carrageenan. Here we report on the transcriptome of G. imbricata with the aim of providing new insights into the metabolic pathways and other functional pathways related to the reproduction of Grateloupia species. Next-generation sequencing was carried out with subsequent de novo assembly and annotation using state-of-the-art bioinformatic protocols. The results show the presence of transcripts required for the uptake of glycerol, which is a specific carbon source for in vitro culture of G. imbricata and nucleotide …

Ortervirales: New Virus Order Unifying Five Families of Reverse-Transcribing Viruses

International audience; Reverse-transcribing viruses, which synthesize a copy of genomic DNA from an RNA template, are widespread in animals, plants, algae, and fungi (1, 2). This broad distribution suggests the ancient origin(s) of these viruses, possibly [...]

Effect of Mastiha supplementation on NAFLD: The MAST4HEALTH Randomised, Controlled Trial

On behalf of MAST4HEALTH consortium: et al.

Corrigendum: Phylogeny of Vibrio vulnificus From the Analysis of the Core-Genome: Implications for Intra-Species Taxonomy

Vibrio vulnificus (Vv) is a multi-host pathogenic species currently subdivided into three biotypes (Bts). The three Bts are human-pathogens, but only Bt2 is also a fish-pathogen, an ability that is conferred by a transferable virulence-plasmid (pVvbt2). Here we present a phylogenomic analysis from the core genome of 80 Vv strains belonging to the three Bts recovered from a wide range of geographical and ecological sources. We have identified five well-supported phylogenetic groups or lineages (L). LI comprises a mixture of clinical and environmental Bt1 strains, most of them involved in human clinical cases related to raw seafood ingestion. LII is linked to the aquaculture industry and incl…

Additional file 14 of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

: Table S2. Target genes for CAF-EXO over-distributed sncRNAs supported by FDR

Reverse-transcribing viruses (Belpaoviridae, Metaviridae, and Pseudoviridae)

Fourth Edition.

CROSSMAPPER: estimating cross-mapping rates and optimizing experimental design in multi-species sequencing studies

Motivation Numerous sequencing studies, including transcriptomics of host-pathogen systems, sequencing of hybrid genomes, xenografts, mixed species systems, metagenomics and meta-transcriptomics, involve samples containing genetic material from divergent organisms. A crucial step in these studies is identifying from which organism each sequencing read originated, and the experimental design should be directed to minimize biases caused by cross-mapping of reads to incorrect source genomes. Additionally, pooling of sufficiently different genetic material into a single sequencing library could significantly reduce experimental costs but requires careful planning and assessment of the impact of…

Corrigendum: Phylogeny of Vibrio vulnificus From the Analysis of the Core-Genome: Implications for Intra-Species Taxonomy

A membrane computing simulator of trans-hierarchical antibiotic resistance evolution dynamics in nested ecological compartments (ARES)

In this article, we introduce ARES (Antibiotic Resistance Evolution Simulator) a software device that simulates P-system model scenarios with five types of nested computing membranes oriented to emulate a hierarchy of eco-biological compartments, i.e. a) peripheral ecosystem; b) local environment; c) reservoir of supplies; d) animal host; and e) host's associated bacterial organisms (microbiome). Computational objects emulating molecular entities such as plasmids, antibiotic resistance genes, antimicrobials, and/or other substances can be introduced into this framework and may interact and evolve together with the membranes, according to a set of pre-established rules and specifications. AR…

Functional insights into the infective larval stage of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and their hybrids based on gene expression patterns

[Background]: Anisakis simplex sensu stricto and Anisakis pegreffii are sibling species of nematodes parasitic on marine mammals. Zoonotic human infection with third stage infective larvae causes anisakiasis, a debilitating and potentially fatal disease. These 2 species show evidence of hybridisation in geographical areas where they are sympatric. How the species and their hybrids differ is still poorly understood. [Results]: Third stage larvae of Anisakis simplex s.s., Anisakis pegreffii and hybrids were sampled from Merluccius merluccius (Teleosti) hosts captured in waters of the FAO 27 geographical area. Specimens of each species and hybrids were distinguished with a diagnostic genetic m…

Association of Dietary Patterns with MRI Markers of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in the MAST4HEALTH Study

Whereas the etiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is complex, the role of nutrition as a causing and preventive factor is not fully explored. The aim of this study is to associate dietary patterns with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters in a European population (Greece, Italy, and Serbia) affected by NAFLD. For the first time, iron-corrected T1 (cT1), proton density fat fraction (PDFF), and the liver inflammation fibrosis score (LIF) were examined in relation to diet. A total of 97 obese patients with NAFLD from the MAST4HEALTH study were included in the analysis. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess the quality of diet…

New Insights into the Genome Organization of Yeast Killer Viruses Based on “Atypical” Killer Strains Characterized by High-Throughput Sequencing

Viral M-dsRNAs encoding yeast killer toxins share similar genomic organization, but no overall sequence identity. The dsRNA full-length sequences of several known M-viruses either have yet to be completed, or they were shorter than estimated by agarose gel electrophoresis. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyze some M-dsRNAs previously sequenced by traditional techniques, and new dsRNAs from atypical killer strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii. All dsRNAs expected to be present in a given yeast strain were reliably detected and sequenced, and the previously-known sequences were confirmed. The few discrepancies between viral variants were mostly located aro…

Ty3/Gypsy Retrotransposons: Description of New Arabidopsis thaliana Elements and Evolutionary Perspectives Derived from Comparative Genomic Data

We performed a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of the Ty3/GYPSY: group of long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons (also known as METAVIRIDAE:). Exhaustive database searches allowed us to detect novel elements of this group. In particular, the Arabidopsis thaliana and Drosophila melanogaster genome sequencing projects have recently disclosed a large number of new Ty3/GYPSY: sequences. So far, elements of three different Ty3/GYPSY: lineages had been described for A. thaliana. Here, we describe six new lineages, which we have called Tit-for-tat1, Tit-for-tat2, Gimli, Gloin, Legolas, and Little Athila. We confirm that plant Ty3/GYPSY: elements form two main monophyletic groups. Moreover, …

SeqEditor: an application for primer design and sequence analysis with or without GTF/GFF files

[Motivation]: Sequence analyses oriented to investigate specific features, patterns and functions of protein and DNA/RNA sequences usually require tools based on graphic interfaces whose main characteristic is their intuitiveness and interactivity with the user’s expertise, especially when curation or primer design tasks are required. However, interface-based tools usually pose certain computational limitations when managing large sequences or complex datasets, such as genome and transcriptome assemblies. Having these requirments in mind we have developed SeqEditor an interactive software tool for nucleotide and protein sequences’ analysis.

A mammalian gene evolved from the integrase domain of an LTR retrotransposon.

FIG. 1.—Summary of the structure and coding sequence of the human Gin-1 gene. Sequences of human cDNAs with accession numbers XMp003947.2 (a putative full-length cDNA), BE502574, AW173201.1, AW950418.1, AI631948.1, and AA766836.1 were used to deduce and confirm these data. The full-length protein is 522 amino acids long. The Gin-1 coding region spans nucleotides 36153–15345 in the genomic clone NTp002663.4. Arrowheads and the numbers above them, respectively, indicate the positions and lengths of introns. Several Alu repeats were detected within the two largest introns. Bold letters indicate the region homologous to the most conserved part of the IN domain, detailed in figure 2 and used to …

Differentially methylated genes in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia reveal potential malignant biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objectives: To explore the pathophysiology of proliferative verrucous leucoplakia (PVL) through a methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and high-throughput sequencing (MeDIP-seq) case-control study. Materials and & nbsp; Methods: Oral biopsies from ten PVL patients and five healthy individuals were obtained and used to compare their epigenetic patterns. Network biology methods and integrative analyses of MeDIP-seq and RNAseq data were applied to investigate functional relations among differentially methylated genes (DMGs). The value of selected genes as malignant biomarkers was evaluated in a large cohort of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients from TCGA.& nbsp; Results: A total of 464…

The Gypsy Database (GyDB) of mobile genetic elements.

In this article, we introduce the Gypsy Database (GyDB) of mobile genetic elements, an in-progress database devoted to the non-redundant analysis and evolutionary-based classification of mobile genetic elements. In this first version, we contemplate eukaryotic Ty3/Gypsy and Retroviridae long terminal repeats (LTR) retroelements. Phylogenetic analyses based on the gag-pro-pol internal region commonly presented by these two groups strongly support a certain number of previously described Ty3/Gypsy lineages originally reported from reverse-transcriptase (RT) analyses. Vertebrate retroviruses (Retroviridae) are also constituted in several monophyletic groups consistent with genera proposed by t…

Genome Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Recent Species-Specific Gene Duplications in the Plastic Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

Gilthead sea bream is an economically important fish species that is remarkably well-adapted to farming and changing environments. Understanding the genomic basis of this plasticity will serve to orientate domestication and selective breeding toward more robust and efficient fish. To address this goal, a draft genome assembly was reconstructed combining short- and long-read high-throughput sequencing with genetic linkage maps. The assembled unmasked genome spans 1.24 Gb of an expected 1.59 Gb genome size with 932 scaffolds (~732 Mb) anchored to 24 chromosomes that are available as a karyotype browser at www.nutrigroup-iats.org/seabreamdb. Homology-based functional annotation, supported by R…

Simulating the Influence of Conjugative Plasmids Kinetic Values on the Multilevel Dynamics of Antimicrobial Resistance in a Membrane Computing Model

AbstractPlasmids harboring antibiotic resistance genes differ in their kinetic values as plasmid conjugation rate, segregation rate by incompatibility with related plasmids, rate of stochastic loss during replication, cost reducing the host-cell fitness, and frequency of compensatory mutations to reduce plasmid cost, depending on the cell mutation frequency. How variation in these values influence the success of a plasmid and their resistance genes in complex ecosystems, as the microbiota? Genes are located in plasmids, plasmids in cells, cells in populations. These populations are embedded in ensembles of species in different human hosts, are able to exchange between them bacterial ensembl…

Additional file 11: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Table S1. sncRNAs distributed differently in CAF-EXO samples from in NF-EXO ones. Highly significant lncRNAs and sncRNAs (FDR

Additional file 8: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Mini web site presenting a dynamic venn diagram showing the relationships between the results cellular or exosomal over represented in the two analyses performed between NF- and CAF- exosomes. Clicking on any intersected number, the web site opens a dialog summarizing the ncRNAs species that correspond to the intersection. (ZIP 354 kb)

Additional file 7: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Mini web site presenting a dynamic venn diagram intersecting the relationships of significance from the assayed ncRNAs in the differential expression analyses performed between NF- and CAF- exosomes versus their respective cellular environments (i.e. NF-CELL versus NF-EXO and CAF-CELL versus CAF-EXO). Clicking on any intersected number, the web site opens a dialog summarizing the ncRNAs species that correspond to the intersection. (HTML 120 kb)

of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Additional file 5: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel file with two documents summarizing the results obtained from the differential expression NF-CELL versus NF-EXO analyses for differentially distributed lncRNAs and sncRNAs. (XLSX 73 kb)

Additional file 12: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel document with two documents summarizing the results for the significant sncRNAs in the differential expression analysis between NF-EXO and CA-FEXO samples and target predictions for those significant in CAF-EXO samples (positive logFCs). (XLSX 292 kb)

Additional file 3: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel document with the two count files used as input to EdgeR for differential expression analysis; one with the counts of reads of all samples mapped on the lncRNA references and another with the read counts of reads mapped on scnRNAs. (XLSX 221 kb)

Additional file 9: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel file with two documents summarizing the results obtained from the differential expression NF-CELL versus CAF-CELL analyses for differentially expressed lncRNAs and sncRNAs. (XLSX 10 kb)

Additional file 10: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel document with two documents summarizing the results for the significant lncRNAs in the differential expression analysis between NF-EXO and CAF-EXO samples and target predictions for those significant in CAF-EXO samples (positive logFCs). (XLS 40 kb)

Additional file 4: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Figure S1. logFC-based MDS-plots (one for each type of lncRNA), where the first dimension corresponds to differences due to the type of sample (i.e. whether it is a normal cell, a tumor cell or an exosomal sample) and the second dimension corresponds to the differences between the samples themselves as biological replicates. The inferred dispersion and the Biological Coefficient of Variation (BCV) of all assayed samples for lncRNAs are 0.21201 and 0.4604, respectively, while the coefficients for sncRNA content are 0.25164 and 0.5016. These two coefficients reveal some interesting variation among samples. In this respect the multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots where the differences in ncRNA…

Additional file 6: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Excel file with two documents summarizing the results obtained from the differential expression CAF-CELL versus CAF-EXO analyses for differentially distributed lncRNAs and sncRNAs. (XLSX 60 kb)

Additional file 13 of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

: Multiple alignment of the 42 sncRNAs over represented in CAF-EXO samples. (FASTA 8 kb)

Additional file 2: of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

Absolute and average relative counts of reads mapped to each ncRNAs biotype per sample and fraction. (XLSX 15 kb)

Additional file 15 of Differential distribution and enrichment of non-coding RNAs in exosomes from normal and Cancer-associated fibroblasts in colorectal cancer

: Figure S2. Heatmap with dendrogram showing the over-represented sncRNAs in CAF exosomes supported by FDRs below 1E-04 with the GO terms and metabolic pathways annotated to the predicted target genes summarized in Table 2. The number of target genes is used to color the breaks. If a sncRNA has no target gene assigned to a metabolic pathway (absence), the intersecting cell is colored white; if a ncRNA has one target gene assigned to a pathway, the cell is colored gray; and if more than two target genes are assigned to a pathway, it is colored black. The clustering was inferred by using the complete linkage with the Euclidean distance measure. (PNG 578 kb)