Natural gadolinium discharge from volcanic sources

Although a large fraction of chemicals is provided from volcanic fluids to the environment (Oppenheimer et al., 2014) only a scarce literature was focused on the Rare Earth elements (REE) release from high temperature fumaroles (Möller et al., 2003; Gilbert & Williams-Jones, 2008; Zelenski et al., 2013). In order to fill this gap, this research was carried out mainly taking in account the REE partitioning during the emissions of fumarolic fluid between newly-forming sublimates and the remaining gas phase. The latter was collected as alkaline condensates according to Sortino et al. (2006). The investigated high temperature fumaroles (95-450°C) occur in several volcanic systems at Vulcano (Ae…