Knowledge formalization and recommendation in computational design synthesis for 4D printing

2022

Coined in 2013, 4D printing is considered as a promising technology that combines additive manufacturing (AM) processes and smart materials (SMs). Through this technology objects can change over time in terms of functionalities, shape, or properties under the effect of energy stimulation. Although AM processes allow shape, hierarchical, functional, and materials complexities to the 3D objects, the conjunction with SMs provides much more freedom in designing adaptive/transformative structures. Over the last decade, a growing body of research with ad hoc proofs-of-concept have been proposed at the physical level (i.e., by using different AM processes with commercial or customized 3D printers …