Ecological and genomic features of two widespread freshwater picocyanobacteria

We present two genomes of widespread freshwater picocyanobacteria isolated by extinction dilution from a Spanish oligotrophic reservoir. Based on microscopy and genomic properties, both picocyanobacteria were tentatively designated Synechococcus lacustris Tous, formerly described as a metagenome assembled genome (MAG) from the same habitat, and Cyanobium usitatum Tous, described here for the first time. Both strains were purified in unicyanobacterial cultures, and their genomes were sequenced. They are broadly distributed in freshwater systems; the first seems to be a specialist on temperate reservoirs (Tous, Amadorio, Dexter, Lake Lanier, Sparkling), and the second appears to also be abund…

Temperature-related changes in polar cyanobacterial mat diversity and toxin production

This study documents the effects of warming on cyanobacterial mats from the Arctic and Antarctica. It describes toxin production in such mats and provides experimental evidence that increased temperatures could shift mat cyanobacterial species diversity from cold-loving species towards predominance of cold-tolerant and toxin-producing species.

Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation in the chemocline of a ferruginous meromictic lake

Precambrian Banded Iron Formation (BIF) deposition was conventionally attributed to the precipitation of iron-oxides resulting from the abiotic reaction of ferrous iron (Fe(II)) with photosynthetically produced oxygen. Earliest traces of oxygen date from 2.7 Ga, thus raising questions as to what may have caused BIF precipitation before oxygenic photosynthesis evolved. The discovery of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria thriving through the oxidation of Fe(II) has provided support for a biological origin for some BIFs, but despite reports suggesting that anoxygenic phototrophs may oxidize Fe(II) in the environment, a model ecosystem of an ancient ocean where they are demonstrably active was la…

Influence of the conservation status on carbon balances of semiarid coastal Mediterranean wetlands

Permanent freshwater and brackish marshes are the typical wetland type of the Mediterranean Spanish coast. Historically, alterations to the original morphological and hydrological characteristics o...

Key roles for freshwater A ctinobacteria revealed by deep metagenomic sequencing

Freshwater ecosystems are critical but fragile environments directly affecting society and its welfare. However, our understanding of genuinely freshwater microbial communities, constrained by our capacity to manipulate its prokaryotic participants in axenic cultures, remains very rudimentary. Even the most abundant components, freshwater Actinobacteria, remain largely unknown. Here, applying deep metagenomic sequencing to the microbial community of a freshwater reservoir, we were able to circumvent this traditional bottleneck and reconstruct de novo seven distinct streamlined actinobacterial genomes. These genomes represent three new groups of photoheterotrophic, planktonic Actinobacteria.…

La Educación Social como derecho de la ciudadanía: la profesión de educación social en España y en Europa.

La profesion de Educacion Social es un profesion joven en Europa, y mas joven todavia en los paises del sur europeo, como es el caso de Espana. En este pais, la Educacion Social se ha definido como un derecho de la ciudadania y se ha destacado su caracter pedagogico. En Espana, la profesion se crea durante los anos 90 y 2000, mediante la llegada de la titulacion de Educacion Social a la Universidad y la creacion de los Colegios Profesionales en los diferentes territorios nacionales. En Europa, no existe un concepto compartido sino que existe una gran diversidad en relacion a esta profesion, habiendo paises que la colocan dentro del ambito mas amplio del Social Work, otros que la consideran …

Summer phytoplankton assemblages across trophic gradients in hard-water reservoirs

Summer phytoplankton assemblages are described and characterised according to their prevalence in a series of hard-water reservoirs of eastern Spain that had been classified in trophic categories on OECD criteria. Distribution patterns of phytoplankton species were ordinated statistically by principal components analysis (PCA). The first component was strongly related to trophic gradient and it particularly discriminated the eutrophic and hypertrophic reservoirs. The second component segregated life-forms, so that (1), on the oligo-mesotrophic side, large dinoflagellates were separated from small centric diatoms, unicellular chrysophytes and filamentous ullotrichales and, on the eu-hypertro…

Biological and Ecological Features, Trophic Structure and Energy Flow in Meromictic Lakes

Case studies and typical examples for meromictic lakes are used to provide a review of the biology and ecology of these ecosystems. Water column in meromictic lakes is not entirely mixed. These lakes are chemically and/or thermally stratified for several years and have several specific ecological features. The chemocline —the habitat created between the mixolimnion on top and monimolimnion below—is characterised by the existence of complex bacterial communities, autotrophic and heterotrophic protists and metazooplankton, commonly dominated by rotifers , high rates of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosynthesis and some biogeochemical processes . In these lakes, the sulphur, carbon and nitrogen c…

Multidisciplinary research on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island: a future benchmark for change in Maritime Antarctica

Reconstruction of Diverse Verrucomicrobial Genomes from Metagenome Datasets of Freshwater Reservoirs

The phylum Verrucomicrobia contains freshwater representatives which remain poorly studied at the genomic, taxonomic, and ecological levels. In this work we present eighteen new reconstructed verrucomicrobial genomes from two freshwater reservoirs located close to each other (Tous and Amadorio, Spain). These metagenomeassembled genomes (MAGs) display a remarkable taxonomic diversity inside the phylum and comprise wide ranges of estimated genome sizes (from 1.8 to 6 Mb). Among all Verrucomicrobia studied we found some of the smallest genomes of the Spartobacteria and Opitutae classes described so far. Some of the Opitutae family MAGs were small, cosmopolitan, with a general heterotrophic met…

Photoferrotrophy: Remains of an Ancient Photosynthesis in Modern Environments

Photoferrotrophy, the process by which inorganic carbon is fixed into organic matter using light as an energy source and reduced iron [Fe(II)] as an electron donor, has been proposed as one of the oldest photoautotrophic metabolisms on Earth. Under the iron-rich (ferruginous) but sulfide poor conditions dominating the Archean ocean, this type of metabolism could have accounted for most of the primary production in the photic zone. Here we review the current knowledge of biogeochemical, microbial and phylogenetic aspects of photoferrotrophy, and evaluate the ecological significance of this process in ancient and modern environments. From the ferruginous conditions that prevailed during most …

A STUDY ON THE POSSIBLE EFFECT OF TWO CRAYFISH SPECIES ON EPILITHIC ALGAE IN A MOUNTAIN STREAM FROM CENTRAL SPAIN

The effects on epilithic algae of increasing densities of two crayfish species, Austropotamobius italicus and Pacifastacus leniusculus, the latter recently introduced in Spain, have been monitored using riverine enclosures, within a large experimental study on crayfish-macrobenthos interactions in a mountain stream. A 3-month test was carried out for each species using crayfish densities comprising between 0-5 individuals/m2 kept in 1-m2 enclosures. Epilithon was sampled periodically within the enclosures and chlorophyll a, b and c were measured by spectrophotometry. Neither statistically significant positive nor negative effects were observed on algal abundance (Chl concentrations) during …

Ecology of Cryptomonas at the chemocline of a karstic sulfate-rich lake

In a study from October 1989 to January 1992, a dense population ofCryptomonas cf. erosa (maximum density 38 000 cells mL–1) consistently developed at the chemocline of Lake Arcas, central Spain,where sharp physical and chemical gradients occurred during stratification. This population developed following the establishment of vertical water stratification and declined when the lake was near autumnal mixis. Population growth in situ, attributable to photosynthetic adaptation to low light intensities rather than to phagotrophy, causes these algal maxima. The population densities and net growth rates of C. cf. erosa in situ were influenced by the coexisting phototrophic prokaryotes at the che…

Additional file 12 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 12: Fig. S3. Genomic context of the phoBR two-component system in different marine, brackish and freshwater cluster 5 picocyanobacteria. Each subunit is color coded accordingly. The right panel shows a phylogenomic tree with all those freshwater strains (colored red) possessing two copies of the phoB gene.

Functional ecological patterns and the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on a recently restored Mediterranean coastal lagoon. Needs for a sustainable restoration

Abstract We present here a detailed case study on the lessons learned after a restoration process of a natural ecosystem, which can be considered as an ecological experiment. Senillar de Moraira is a brackish water small coastal lagoon located in the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It is separated from the sea by a sand bar and a beach, and is regularly fed by groundwater. Mostly due to the strong anthropogenic pressure this lagoon was degraded, and a restoration process, consisting mostly on the rebuilt of hydrogeomorphological features, was accomplished about a decade ago. After the restoration project, ecological monitoring was performed to reveal the recovery of the ecological integrity of…

Efficiency in hydrocarbon degradation and biosurfactant production by Joostella sp. A8 when grown in pure culture and consortia

Abstract Joostella strains are emerging candidates for biosurfactant production. Here such ability was analyzed for Joostella strain A8 in comparison with Alcanivorax strain A53 and Pseudomonas strain A6, all previously isolated from hydrocarbon enrichment cultures made of polychaete homogenates. In pure cultures Joostella sp. A8 showed the highest stable emulsion percentage (78.33%), hydrophobicity rate (62.67%), and an optimal surface tension reduction during growth in mineral medium supplemented with diesel oil (reduction of about 12 mN/m), thus proving to be highly competitive with Alcanivorax and Pseudomonas strains. During growth in pure culture different level of biodegradation were …

Photoautotrophic community changes in Lagunillo del Tejo (Spain) in response to lake level fluctuation: Two centuries of sedimentary pigment records

Lagunillo del Tejo is a small doline lake in a karstic region of the Iberian Ranges (central-eastern Spain) that undergoes significant lake level fluctuation in response to changing aquifer influxes. In order to assess changes in the primary producer community in the lake over the last two centuries and to elucidate whether these were conditioned by climatic variability, photosynthetic pigments and their derivatives were extracted from the sediments and the data analysed using multivariate statistical techniques. Quantitative variations in total pigment concentrations through the sedimentary sequence are considered a result of changes in sedimentation rate, largely due to lake level fluctua…

Assessment of the Pressure Level over Lentic Waterbodies through the Estimation of Land Uses in the Catchment and Hydro-Morphological Alterations: The LUPLES Method

The features of lentic waterbodies largely depend on the surrounding environment. Mediterranean coastal lagoons have been historically altered, with their catchment being highly modified for agricultural, livestock, or urban uses. Changes in land uses induce pressures that impact the waterbodies and alter their ecological status. The objectives of this paper were: to develop a methodological approach (LUPLES: Land Uses for estimating Pressure Levels to approach the Ecological Status), to quantify the main pressures on the waterbodies and to forecast the possible impacts of these pressures on their ecological status. Corine-Land Cover maps and Geographic Information System technics were used…

Additional file 20 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 20: Fig. S5. Total number (Y axis) of A) transposases and B) integrases found in freshwater, brackish and marine picocyanobacteria.

A European Multi Lake Survey dataset of environmental variables, phytoplankton pigments and cyanotoxins

Under ongoing climate change and increasing anthropogenic activity, which continuously challenge ecosystem resilience, an in-depth understanding of ecological processes is urgently needed. Lakes, as providers of numerous ecosystem services, face multiple stressors that threaten their functioning. Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are a persistent problem resulting from nutrient pollution and climate-change induced stressors, like poor transparency, increased water temperature and enhanced stratification. Consistency in data collection and analysis methods is necessary to achieve fully comparable datasets and for statistical validity, avoiding issues linked to disparate data sources. The Europea…

Plankton assembly in an ultra-oligotrophic Antarctic lake over the summer transition from the ice-cover to ice-free period: A size spectra approach

Abstract Lakes from the Antarctic maritime region experience climate change as a main stressor capable of modifying their plankton community structure and function, essentially because summer temperatures are commonly over the freezing point and the lake's ice cap thaws. This study was conducted in such seasonally ice-covered lake (Lake Limnopolar, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Is., Antarctica), which exhibits a microbial dominated pelagic food web. An important feature is also the occurrence of benthic mosses ( Drepanocladus longifolius ) covering the lake bottom. Plankton dynamics were investigated during the ice-thawing transition to the summer maximum. Both bacterioplankton and viral-like…

Stratification strength and light climate explain variation in chlorophyll a at the continental scale in a European multilake survey in a heatwave summer

The authors acknowledge COST Action ES 1105 "CYANOCOST Cyanobacterial blooms and toxins in water resources: Occurrence impacts and management" and COST Action Global Change Biology ES 1201 NETLAKE -Networking Lake Observatories in Europe" for contributing to this study through networking and knowledge sharing with European experts in the field. We acknowledge the members of the Global Lake Ecological Observatory Network (GLEON) for their collaborative spirit and enthusiasm that inspired the grassroots effort of the EMLS. E.M. was supported by a grant from the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation to Bas Ibelings and by supplementary funding from University of Geneva…

Effect of wastewater management on phosphorus content and sedimentary fractionation in Mediterranean saline lakes

The La Mancha Húmeda Biosphere Reserve is the largest wetland district in the Iberian Peninsula, containing many temporary saline lakes undergoing different anthropogenic pressures. Eleven of these lakes were selected to assess phosphorus (P) burial, fractionation and mobilization in their sediments. Wastewater inputs, wherever they occurred, favored accumulation of all P sedimentary fractions, which took place mainly via precipitation with divalent cations (i.e. calcium or magnesium) and as buried organic matter, both representing relatively occluded P forms, although they can also be involved in P release. P immobilization would be partially restrained in the volcanic lakes of the region,…

Effect of experimentally increased nutrient availability on the structure, metabolic activities, and potential microbial functions of a maritime Antarctic microbial mat.

The role of competitive interactions based on resource utilisation was explored in a phototrophic microbial mat from Byers Peninsula (Maritime Antarctica). Shotgun metagenomic profiling of the mat showed a taxonomic and functionally diverse microbial community. The heterotrophic bacterial community was dominated by Proteobacteria, where genera typically found in polar habitats, such as Janthinobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Polaromonas, were highly prevalent. Cyanobacteria played the main role as primary producers, accompanied by diatoms and chlorophytes. To test the potential effects of the inorganic nutrient (N and P) availability on this community, a fully factorial nitrate and phosphorus a…

Carbon photoassimilation by sharply stratified phototrophic communities at the chemocline of Lake Arcas (Spain)

Three populations of phototrophic microorganisms were found closely stratified in the chemocline of the holomictic Lake Arcas. Cryptomonas spp. reached a maximum population density in microaerobic waters above dense plates of Oscillatoria cf. ornata and Chromatium weissei, whose maxima were found in the deeper sulfide-rich waters. High photoassimilation rates were found during the stratification period at the chemocline (up to 197.63 mg C m−3 h−1), especially at depths at which maximal densities of prokaryotic phototrophs were located, whereas much lower values were observed in the mixed zone of the lake. Despite these high rates, the contribution of carbon photoassimilation at the chemocli…

Novel Synechococcus Genomes Reconstructed from Freshwater Reservoirs

Freshwater picocyanobacteria including Synechococcus remain poorly studied at the genomic level, compared to their marine representatives. Here, using a metagenomic assembly approach we discovered two novel Synechococcus sp. genomes from two freshwater reservoirs Tous and Lake Lanier, both sharing 96% average nucleotide identity and displaying high abundance levels in these two lakes located at similar altitudes and temperate latitudes. These new genomes have the smallest estimated size (2.2 Mb) and average intergenic spacer length (20 bp) of any previously sequenced freshwater Synechococcus, which may contribute to their success in oligotrophic freshwater systems. Fluorescent in situ hybri…

Fine stratification of microbial communities through a metagenomic profile of the photic zone

ABSTRACTMost marine metagenomic studies of the marine photic zone analyze only samples taken at one or two depths. However, when the water column is stratified, physicochemical parameters change dramatically over relatively short depth intervals. We sampled the photic water column every 15m depth at a single point of an off-shore Mediterranean site during a period of strong stratification (early autumn) to evaluate the effects of small depth increases on the microbiome. Using genomic assembly and metagenomic read recruitment, we found major shifts in the community structure over small variations of depth, with most microbes showing a distribution limited to layers approximately 30 meters th…

Vertical structure of bi-layered microbial mats from Byers Peninsula, Maritime Antarctica

AbstractA summer study of the vertical structure of bi-layered microbial mats was carried out on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands). These benthic communities had a common basic structure that consisted of two distinct layers differing in composition, morphology and colour. Our sampling focused on mats showing more layering, which thrived over moist soils and at the bottom of ponds. The photosynthetic pigments analysis performed by high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated a major occurrence of cyanobacteria and diatoms on these mats, the former being more abundant in relative terms on the surface and composed by morphospecies grouping into orders Oscillat…

Carbon metabolic rates and GHG emissions in different wetland types of the Ebro Delta

Deltaic wetlands are highly productive ecosystems, which characteristically can act as C-sinks. However, they are among the most threatened ecosystems, being very vulnerable to global change, and require special attention towards its conservation. Knowing their climate change mitigating potential, conservation measures should also be oriented with a climatic approach, to strengthen their regulatory services. In this work we studied the carbon biogeochemistry and the specific relevance of certain microbial guilds on carbon metabolisms of the three main types of deltaic wetlands located in the Ebro Delta, north-eastern Spain, as well as how they deal with human pressures and climate change ef…

Environmental and Human Drivers of Carbon Sequestration and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Ebro Delta, Spain

Metacommunities from bacteria to birds: stronger environmental selection in mediterranean than in tropical ponds

AbstractThe metacommunity concept provides a theoretical framework that aims at explaining organism distributions by a combination of environmental filtering, dispersal and drift. With the development of statistical tools to quantify and partially isolate the role of each of these processes, empirical metacommunity studies have multiplied worldwide. However, few works attempt a multi-taxon approach and even fewer compare two distant biogeographical regions using the same methodology. Under this framework, we tested the expectation that temperate (mediterranean-climate) pond metacommunities would be more influenced by environmental and spatial processes than tropical ones, because of stronge…

Additional file 18 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 18: Fig. S4. Phylogenetic analysis of picocyanobacterial Ni/Cu/Zn/Fe/Mn superoxide dismutases. The Ni-type maturation protease from marine strains was used to root the tree. Bootstrap values >75 are shown and the habitat of each picocyanobacterial enzyme is color coded.

Functional Metabolic Diversity of Bacterioplankton in Maritime Antarctic Lakes

A summer survey was conducted on the bacterioplankton communities of seven lakes from Byers Peninsula (Maritime Antarctica), differing in trophic and morphological characteristics. Predictions of the metabolic capabilities of these communities were performed with FAPROTAX using 16S rRNA sequencing data. The versatility for metabolizing carbon sources was also assessed in three of the lakes using Biolog Ecoplates. Relevant differences among lakes and within lake depths were observed. A total of 23 metabolic activities associated to the main biogeochemical cycles were foreseen, namely, carbon (11), nitrogen (4), sulfur (5), iron (2), and hydrogen (1). The aerobic metabolisms dominated, althou…

Pseudo-diel vertical migration in zooplankton: a whole-lake 15N tracer experiment

Diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton is commonly considered an adaptation for feeding in food-rich and warm surface waters at night and avoiding visual predators during the day. However, the critical assessment of migration patterns frequently suggests that: (i) zooplankton may leave deeper waters with rich, deepchlorophyll layers and move into the epilimnion where food resources are lower and/or (ii) the night-time increase in epilimnetic plankton abundance is not matched by a density decrease in deeper strata. To study these discrepancies, we measured DVM of zooplankton in a 1.3-ha Spanish karst lake (Laguna del Tejo) where the phytoplankton in the deep chlorophyll layer had been …

Geochemistry of streams from Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island

AbstractIn January and February 2009, a series of water samples were collected from streams on Byers Peninsula. These samples were analysed for major elements and δ18O to determine the role of lithology and landscape position on stream geochemistry, and to understand better the hydrology (i.e. residence time of water) of these systems. Precipitation chemistry is enriched in Na+, as are the streams located close to the coast. Streams originating from inland locations have much higher percentages of Ca2+. In contrast, Mg2+ varied little, though streams that are in greater contact with volcanic-derived soils have slightly higher concentrations. Anion percentages varied greatly between streams …

Bacterioplankton Community Composition Along Environmental Gradients in Lakes From Byers Peninsula (Maritime Antarctica) as Determined by Next-Generation Sequencing

This study comprises the first attempt to describe the planktonic bacterial communities of lakes from Byers Peninsula, one of the most significant limnological districts in the Maritime Antarctica, leveraging next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. For the survey, we selected 7 lakes covering the environmental gradient from inland to coastal lakes, some of them sampled both in surface and deep waters. Analysis provided just over 85,000 high quality sequences that were clustered into 864 unique Zero-radius Operational Taxonomic Units (ZOTUs) (i.e., 100% sequence similarity). Yet, several taxonomic uncertainties remained in the analysis likely suggesting the occurrence of local bacteri…

Pole-to-Pole Connections : Similarities between Arctic and Antarctic Microbiomes and Their Vulnerability to Environmental Change

The global biogeography of microorganisms remains poorly resolved, which limits the current understanding of microbial resilience toward environmental changes. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we characterized the microbial diversity of terrestrial and lacustrine biofilms from the Arctic, Antarctic and temperate regions. Our analyses suggest that bacterial community compositions at the poles are more similar to each other than they are to geographically closer temperate habitats, with 32% of all operational taxonomic units (OTUs) co-occurring in both polar regions. While specific microbial taxa were confined to distinct regions, representing potentially endemic popul…

In Memoriam Maria Rosa Miracle. Limnologist

Volumen colectivo que reúne 42 contribuciones dedicadas a María Rosa Miracle, fallecida el 28 de mayo de 2017 en Valencia, a los 72 años, cuando aún estaba en activo como profesora emérita de la Universitat de València. Durante sus casi cinco décadas de investigación y docencia, se convirtió en una limnóloga de influencia mundial, ya que sus líneas de investigación abrieron el camino a nuevos temas interdisciplinares, algunos de los cuales se tratan en este libro homenaje. Poco después de su muerte, la Asociación Ibérica de Limnología le dedicó un número especial de su revista 'Limnetica', a la que siempre estuvo vinculada como autora, revisora o editora. Antiguos alumnos, colegas y colabor…

Metagenomics uncovers a new group of low GC and ultra-small marine Actinobacteria

We describe a deep-branching lineage of marine Actinobacteria with very low GC content (33%) and the smallest free living cells described yet (cell volume ca. 0.013 μm(3)), even smaller than the cosmopolitan marine photoheterotroph, 'Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique'. These microbes are highly related to 16S rRNA sequences retrieved by PCR from the Pacific and Atlantic oceans 20 years ago. Metagenomic fosmids allowed a virtual genome reconstruction that also indicated very small genomes below 1 Mb. A new kind of rhodopsin was detected indicating a photoheterotrophic lifestyle. They are estimated to be ~4% of the total numbers of cells found at the site studied (the Mediterranean deep chloroph…

Byers Peninsula: A reference site for coastal, terrestrial and limnetic ecosystem studies in maritime Antarctica

Abstract This article describes the development of an international and multidisciplinary project funded by the Spanish Polar Programme on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetlands). The project adopted Byers Peninsula as an international reference site for coastal and terrestrial (including inland waters) research within the framework of the International Polar Year initiative. Over 30 scientists from 12 countries and 26 institutions participated in the field work, and many others participated in the processing of the samples. The main themes investigated were: Holocene changes in climate, using both lacustrine sediment cores and palaeo-nests of penguins; limnology of the lakes, …

Dust inputs and bacteria influence dissolved organic matter in clear alpine lakes.

6 páginas, 4 figuras.

Heterogeneous vertical structure of the bacterioplankton community in a non-stratified Antarctic lake

10 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablas.

Environmental distribution of prokaryotic taxa

14 pages, 5 figures, 1 table, 10 additional files avalaible [http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/supplementary/1471-2180-10- 85-S10.PDF ]

Modeling the Response of the Planktonic Microbial Community to Warming Effects in Maritime Antarctic Lakes

Abstract In this chapter, we describe the design and prognoses given by the simulation of an ecological model dealing with the functioning of the microbial community of a maritime Antarctic lake, whose main ecological features are also reported. The model is based on carbon fluxes through the planktonic community and the carbon subsides from the benthic mosses covering the lake bottom and microbial mats spread over the lake’s catchment. It describes the dynamics of the bacterioplankton, phytoplankton, and organic matter, both particulate and dissolved, during the austral summer, with temperature and solar radiation as the main forcing functions driving the response of the modeled state vari…

Microbial microstratification, inorganic carbon photoassimilation and dark carbon fixation at the chemocline of the meromictic Lake Cadagno (Switzerland) and its relevance to the food web

The microstratification of the microbial community at the chemocline of Lake Cadagno and the associated inorganic carbon fixation activity was studied by fine layer sampling. A deep chlorophyll maximum caused by diatoms overlying Cryptomonas was found at the upper edge of the chemocline. A high population density of phototrophic sulphur bacteria, mainly Amoebobacter cf. purpureus, occurred closely below the oxic-anoxic boundary. Despite the small fraction of total lake volume represented by the chemocline, half of the total carbon photoassimilation of the lake occurred within the chemocline with approximately equal contributions by oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs. Rates of dark carbon f…

Diversity of freshwater Epsilonproteobacteria and dark inorganic carbon fixation in the sulphidic redoxcline of a meromictic karstic lake.

Sulfidic redoxclines are a suitable niche for the growth and activity of different chemo- and photolithotrophic sulphide-oxidizing microbial groups such as the Epsilonproteobacteria and the green sulfur bacteria (GSB). We have investigated the diversity, abundance and contribution to inorganic carbon uptake of Epsilonproteobacteria in a meromictic basin of Lake Banyoles. CARD-FISH counts revealed that Epsilonproteobacteria were prevalent at the redoxcline in winter (maximum abundance of 2 × 10(6) cells mL(-1), ≈60% of total cells) but they were nearly absent in summer, when GSB bloomed. This seasonal trend was supported by 16S rRNA gene pyrotag datasets, which revealed that the epsilonprote…

Pole-to-Pole Connections: Similarities between Arctic and Antarctic Microbiomes and Their Vulnerability to Environmental Change

The global biogeography of microorganisms remains poorly resolved, which limits the current understanding of microbial resilience toward environmental changes. Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we characterized the microbial diversity of terrestrial and lacustrine biofilms from the Arctic, Antarctic and temperate regions. Our analyses suggest that bacterial community compositions at the poles are more similar to each other than they are to geographically closer temperate habitats, with 32% of all operational taxonomic units (OTUs) co-occurring in both polar regions. While specific microbial taxa were confined to distinct regions, representing potentially endemic popul…

Metacommunity dynamics of Ostracoda in temporary lakes: Overall strong niche effects except at the onset of the flooding period

Abstract Metacommunity research usually focuses on the structure of species assemblages and their influencing factors, chiefly environment and space. However, the temporal dynamics of metacommunities and their structuring processes are rarely investigated. Here, we analyze the temporal variations in a metacommunity of ostracods from temporary shallow lakes of the Iberian Peninsula. Our aims were to determine the variability of the ostracod assemblages throughout a hydrological cycle by means of partial triadic analysis (PTA), and to analyze the response of these communities to both environmental and spatial variables. The metacommunity was moderately stable through the study period, with la…

Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Abstract Background Cyanobacteria are the major prokaryotic primary producers occupying a range of aquatic habitats worldwide that differ in levels of salinity, making them a group of interest to study one of the major unresolved conundrums in aquatic microbiology which is what distinguishes a marine microbe from a freshwater one? We address this question using ecogenomics of a group of picocyanobacteria (cluster 5) that have recently evolved to inhabit geographically disparate salinity niches. Our analysis is made possible by the sequencing of 58 new genomes from freshwater representatives of this group that are presented here, representing a 6-fold increase in the available genomic data. …

Linderiella baetica Alonso & Garcia-de-Lomas 2009 (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Anostraca): On the verge of extinction?

The province of Cadiz (South of Spain) hosts the only known locality in the world of Linderiella baetica Alonso & Garcia-de-Lomas 2009 (Anostraca). In this paper, the geographical distribution of the species based on published sampling data focused on large branchiopods and temporary pools in Andalusia and the entire Iberian Peninsula is assessed. The current situation is summarized based on the threats to their survival, which are mainly related to habitat alteration. In the Iberian Peninsula, at least 1,648 bodies of water (about 720 in Andalusia) have been explored. Prevalence data suggest that L. baetica is a rare species (localities with presence / sample locations = 6.07 . 10-4). The …

Additional file 2 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 2: Fig. S1. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) matrix between all 132 compared picocyanobacteria from SCs 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3.

Lake La Cruz, an Iron-Rich Karstic Meromictic Lake in Central Spain

Laguna de la Cruz (Lake La Cruz ) is a small karstic meromictic lake located in Central-Eastern Spain. Its biogenic meromixis (originated ca.1660) is favoured by the high relative depth and the steep doline walls. Calcium and magnesium bicarbonate are the main salts. The monimolimnion permanently spans from 18 m to the lake bottom (ca.21 m), whereas thermal stratification occurs above from April to October. Steep chemical gradients appear both at the bottom of the metalimnion (seasonally) and, permanently, at the permanent chemocline (16–18 m). Nutrients in surface waters decay as stratification advances, but deeper they are abundant. Linked to physical and chemical gradients, sharply strat…

Spatio-temporal distribution and growth dynamics of phototrophic sulfur bacteria populations in the sulfide-rich Lake Arcas

Lake Arcas exhibits a thermal stratification from April to October. A sulfide-rich anoxic hypolimnion is then formed between the deeper part of the thermocline and the lake bottom, and high population densities of phototrophic microorganisms are found at the oxic-anoxic interface. Chromatium weissei, a large rod, 8 × 4 μm in size, was the dominant phototrophic bacterium, reaching densities of up to 1.84 × 106 cells ml-1. Other phototrophic sulfur bacteria, such as Amoebobacter cf. purpureus, Thiocapsa sp., and Pelodictyon clathratiforme were also present in the anoxic hypolimnion, but their cell size and population densities were much lower. Net growth rates (0.125 to —0.123 d-1) and freque…

Stability and endemicity of benthic diatom assemblages from different substrates in a maritime stream on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica: the role of climate variability

16 páginas, 3 tablas, 9 figuras.

Carbon dynamics modelization and biological community sensitivity to temperature in an oligotrophic freshwater Antarctic lake

Lake Limnopolar, located in one of the areas on Earth experiencing the strongest local warming, has been studied as a maritime Antarctic lake model by the Limnopolar Research Team during the last decade. Data collected during this period revealed the existence of an important meteorological interannual variability in the area of Byers Peninsula. With the aim of increasing the knowledge of this ecosystem and its sensibility to climate change as a model ecosystem, as well as to calibrate the extent of the interannual variability, a carbon flow model was developed partly describing its microbial food web. This preliminary model aims to describe part of the carbon dynamics, especially for bacte…

Seasonal and spatial heterogeneity in the water chemistry of two sewage-affected saline shallow lakes from central Spain

The seasonal features of the water chemistry in the saline shallow lakes Laguna de Manjavacas and Laguna del Pueblo (Castilla – La Mancha, Central Spain) were studied during 1990–1991 and in 1997. These lakes were both affected by sewage inputs driving them to a high trophic status. However, whereas sewage inputs entered Laguna del Pueblo directly, wastewater reached Laguna de Manjavacas after running for 8 km through a small riverbed, where natural processes caused partial mineralisation of organic matter. Moreover, water quality was further improved before entering the main water body of Laguna de Manjavacas, since water crossed through a wetland and high amounts of organic matter and ino…

Integrated satellite data fusion and mining for monitoring lake water quality status of the Albufera de Valencia in Spain

Abstract Lake eutrophication is a critical issue in the interplay of water supply, environmental management, and ecosystem conservation. Integrated sensing, monitoring, and modeling for a holistic lake water quality assessment with respect to multiple constituents is in acute need. The aim of this paper is to develop an integrated algorithm for data fusion and mining of satellite remote sensing images to generate daily estimates of some water quality parameters of interest, such as chlorophyll a concentrations and water transparency, to be applied for the assessment of the hypertrophic Albufera de Valencia. The Albufera de Valencia is the largest freshwater lake in Spain, which can often pr…

Empirical relationships for monitoring water quality of lakes and reservoirs through multispectral images

Remote sensing techniques can be used to estimate water quality variables such as chlorophyll ${\mbi a}$ , total suspended particles, and water transparency. This paper describes empirical algorithms for the estimation of these variables using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data. Ground data were taken from several Spanish lakes covering a variety of trophic statuses, ranging from oligotrophic to hypereutrophic. The studied lakes were the Albufera de Valencia and lakes and ponds of the Southeast Regional Park in Madrid. Empirical equations were obtained to estimate chlorophyll ${\mbi a}$ from the ratio in reflectance values between bands 2 and 4 of TM ( $\bf{ R^2 \, {\mmb =}\, 0.66}$ , ${\bf …

Limnology and Aquatic Microbial Ecology of Byers Peninsula: A Main Freshwater Biodiversity Hotspot in Maritime Antarctica

Here we present a comprehensive review of the diversity revealed by research in limnology and microbial ecology conducted in Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) during the last two decades. The site constitutes one of the largest ice-free areas within the Antarctic Peninsula region. Since it has a high level of environmental protection, it is less human-impacted compared to other sites within the South Shetland archipelago. The main investigations in Byers Peninsula focused on the physical and chemical limnology of the lakes, ponds, rivers, and wetlands, as well as on the structure of their planktonic and benthic microbial communities, and on the function…

Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Background: The photic zone of aquatic habitats is subjected to strong physicochemical gradients. To analyze the fine-scale variations in the marine microbiome, we collected seven samples from a single offshore location in the Mediterranean at 15 m depth intervals during a period of strong stratification, as well as two more samples during the winter when the photic water column was mixed. We were able to recover 94 new metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from these metagenomes and examine the distribution of key marine microbes within the photic zone using metagenomic recruitment. Results: Our results showed significant differences in the microbial composition of different layers within th…

Soil features in rookeries of Antarctic penguins reveal sea to land biotransport of chemical pollutants

© The Author(s).

Temperature effects explain continental scale distribution of cyanobacterial toxins

Insight into how environmental change determines the production and distribution of cyanobacterial toxins is necessary for risk assessment. Management guidelines currently focus on hepatotoxins (microcystins). Increasing attention is given to other classes, such as neurotoxins (e.g., anatoxin-a) and cytotoxins (e.g., cylindrospermopsin) due to their potency. Most studies examine the relationship between individual toxin variants and environmental factors, such as nutrients, temperature and light. In summer 2015, we collected samples across Europe to investigate the effect of nutrient and temperature gradients on the variability of toxin production at a continental scale. Direct and indirect…

Additional file 4 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 4: Fig. S2. A) Cross-comparison of strict core, soft core, shell and cloud in all 132 picocyanobacteria from all habitats and SCs. B) Plots estimating the core genome (n° of genes) and pangenome (n° of genes) of all three SCs. C) Functionality of the meta-pangenome of picocyanobacteria assessed by SEED/KEGG. Each gene category is color coded for the shared (strict core, soft core) and flexible (shell and cloud) genome.

Structure of planktonic microbial communities along a trophic gradient in lakes of Byers Peninsula, South Shetland Islands

AbstractA systematic limnological survey of water bodies of Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands) was carried out during the summer of 2001/02. Abundances of microbial plankton were determined which allowed a delineation of the pelagic food web structure. We also report the nutrient status of these lakes. We demonstrate the occurrence of a trophic gradient that extended from upland lakes (oligotrophic) to the coastal ones (eutrophic). The study shows that a lake's morphology regulates the relative importance of the pelagic and benthic habitats, whereas nutrient loads mainly determine its trophic status. Yet, some of the variability observed could be also a legacy of th…

Linking present environment and the segregation of reproductive modes (geographical parthenogenesis) in Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda)

Aim Geographical parthenogenesis – in which parthenogenetic populations are more widely distributed than sexually reproducing populations – is observed in many plant and animal species. Many hypotheses have been proposed to account for this biogeographical pattern, and these often invoke historical processes such as the influence of glaciation. However, there are relatively few empirical studies of the contemporary factors associated with geographical parthenogenesis. The aim of this study was to understand its causes by linking contemporary environmental gradients with reproductive modes in the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens. Location Europe and North Africa. Methods We sampled popula…

Maritime antarctic lakes as sentinels of climate change

Remote lakes, such as lakes from the Maritime Antarctica, can be used as sentinels of climate change, because they are mostly free of direct anthropogenic pressures, and they experience climate change as a main stressor capable of modifying the ecosystem structure and function. In this paper, the content of a lecture that has been presented at the First Conference of Lake Sustainability, which has been centred in our studies on lakes from Byers Peninsula (Maritime Antarctica), are summarized. These included physical, chemical and biological studies of these lakes and other freshwater ecosystems, which highlighted the relevance of biotic interactions for these ecosystems and its sensibility …

Community structure and physiological characterization of microbial mats in Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)

The community structure and physiological characteristics of three microbial mat communities in Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) were compared. One of the mats was located at the edge of a stream and was dominated by diatoms (with a thin basal layer of oscillatorian cyanobacteria), whereas the other two mats, located over moist soil and the bottom of a pond, respectively, were dominated by cyanobacteria throughout their vertical profiles. The predominant xanthophyll was fucoxanthin in the stream mat and myxoxanthophyll in the cyanobacteria-dominated mats. The sheath pigment scytonemin was absent in the stream mat but present in the soil and pond mats. …

Metagenomes of Mediterranean Coastal Lagoons

Coastal lagoons, both hypersaline and freshwater, are common, but still understudied ecosystems. We describe, for the first time, using high throughput sequencing, the extant microbiota of two large and representative Mediterranean coastal lagoons, the hypersaline Mar Menor, and the freshwater Albufera de Valencia, both located on the south eastern coast of Spain. We show there are considerable differences in the microbiota of both lagoons, in comparison to other marine and freshwater habitats. Importantly, a novel uncultured sulfur oxidizing Alphaproteobacteria was found to dominate bacterioplankton in the hypersaline Mar Menor. Also, in the latter prokaryotic cyanobacteria were almost exc…

Do native white-clawed crayfish impact macroinvertebrate assemblages in Mediterranean limestone headwaters?

Crayfish are among the largest aquatic macroinvertebrates in rivers and streams. Their trophic ecology is important for the understanding of the functioning of benthic communities. This is relevant in key areas, such as headwaters, as they partly condition the processes occurring downstream. To shed light on the effects of native white-clawed crayfish,Austropotamobius pallipes, on local macroinvertebrate assemblages from running headwaters, a three-month mesocosm-based field study was designed. Collection and subsequent analysis of benthic samples under different crayfish density levels yielded a set of metrics indicative of short-term impacts at general and taxonomic scales. Neither signif…

Additional file 1: of Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Figure S1. Method used for sampling. Water was pumped through a hose directly on to the filters instead of using the Niskin bottles rosette. Figure S2. Bar plot showing the concentration of inorganic nutrients in both stratified (blue) and mixed (red) samples. Figure S3. Simpson Diversity Index versus depth. Figure S4. Assembled contigs. A) Size of individual contigs to the left and total assembled size to the right for each phylum. Proteobacteria was divided into its class-level taxonomy. The number of contigs longer than 10 Kb that were taxonomically classified is indicated within brackets. B) Individual contribution of each metagenome to the total assembled size. Figure S5. Phylogenetic …

Total mercury and methyl-mercury contents and accumulation in polar microbial mats.

Although polar regions are considered isolated and pristine areas, the organisms that inhabit these zones are exposed to global pollution. Heavy metals, such as mercury, are global pollutants and can reach almost any location on Earth. Mercury may come from natural, volcanic or geological sources, or result from anthropogenic sources, in particular industrial or mining activities. In this study, we have investigated one of the most prominent biological non-marine communities in both polar regions, microbial mats, in terms of their Hg and methyl-mercury (MeHg) concentrations and accumulation capacities. The main hypotheses posed argued on the importance of different factors, and to test them…

Additional file 6 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 6: Additional Dataset 3. 5.1-5.2-5.3 meta-pangenome. Core, strict-core, shell and cloud annotated genes with Cyanorak clusters (CK) and SEED.

Influence of the conservation status on carbon balances of semiarid coastal Mediterranean wetlands

Permanent freshwater and brackish marshes are the typical wetland type of the Mediterranean Spanish coast. Historically, alterations to the original morphological and hydrological characteristics of some these ecosystems have increased their trophic status, which could influence the carbon (C) balance, while other ecosystems remain close to their natural condition. In this work, the main processes related to the C cycle were studied in several Mediterranean coastal marshes with different degrees of alteration and in sites restored and managed in different ways. Carbon associated with greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) was determined using gas exchange methods for plankton, benthos, and sediment…

Additional file 15 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 15: Table S8. Compatible solutes and osmolytes. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 8 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 8: Additional Dataset 4. Non-clustered CK genes from all 132 analyzed picocyanobacteria. BLASTP results obtained with the closest taxon from the NCBI nr database.

Data from: Key roles for freshwater Actinobacteria revealed by deep metagenomic sequencing

Freshwaters ecosystems are critical but fragile environments directly affecting society and its welfare. However, our understanding of genuinely freshwater microbial communities, constrained by our capacity to manipulate its prokaryotic participants in axenic cultures, remains very rudimentary. Even the most abundant components, freshwater Actinobacteria, remain largely unknown. Here, applying deep metagenomic sequencing to the microbial community of a freshwater reservoir, we were able to circumvent this traditional bottleneck and reconstruct de novo seven distinct streamlined actinobacterial genomes. These genomes represent three new groups of photoheterotrophic, planktonic Actinobacteria…

Additional file 2: of Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Table S1. Relative abundance of 16S rRNA reads. (XLSX 25 kb)

Additional file 4: of Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Table S3. Relative abundance of functional gene categories related to motility and chemotaxis at subsystem level 3 (SEED database). The highest value for each one has been highlighted in red. (XLSX 13 kb)

Additional file 16 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 16: Table S9. Broad transporters, permeases, channels and uptake systems. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 4: of Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Table S3. Relative abundance of functional gene categories related to motility and chemotaxis at subsystem level 3 (SEED database). The highest value for each one has been highlighted in red. (XLSX 13 kb)

Additional file 21 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 21: Table S12. Mobile genetic elements. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 5 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 5: Additional Dataset 2. Pangenomic analysis between all picocyanobacterial isolates from SCs 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3. The total number of genes for each category (strict core, soft core, shell and cloud) and isolate are specified.

Additional file 11 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 11: Table S5. P metabolism. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 3 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 3: Additional Dataset 1. Average and standard deviation genome size, median intergenic spacers, coding density and %GC of all culture-derived picocyanobacteria. Single pair ANOVA tests for each origin and sub-cluster and for different genomic features.

Additional file 1 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 1: Table S1. Main genomic features of marine, brackish and freswhater culture-derived picocyanobacteria. An asterisk in the origin column indicates strains where euryhaline physiology is known.

Additional file 3: of Fine metagenomic profile of the Mediterranean stratified and mixed water columns revealed by assembly and recruitment

Table S2. Summary statistics of the reconstructed genomes obtained from metagenomes. (XLSX 16 kb)

Additional file 14 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 14: Table S7. Amino acid metabolism. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 10 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 10: Table S4. N metabolism. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 19 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 19: Table S11. Reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 13 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 13: Table S6. C fixation/photosynthesis. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 9 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 9: Table S3. S metabolism. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 17 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 17: Table S10. Glycerolipid/Fatty acid metabolism. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters. CDD was used to retrieve the PSSM-ids from best specific/non-specific hits covering >50 % of the protein.

Additional file 7 of Elucidating the picocyanobacteria salinity divide through ecogenomics of new freshwater isolates

Additional file 7: Table S2. Gene/protein presence/absence between all 132 compared culture derived marine, brackish and freshwater picocyanobacteria. Annotation assessed by Cyanorak CK clusters.