Donnan dialysis for tap-water softening

In this presentation, Abdusalam Alhadid, started by introducing the problem of hard water in both domestic and industrial applications,caused by an excess of calcium and magnesium ions. It significantly decreases thelifetime and efficiency of equipment which has negative technical and economic consequences. Existing water softening technologies have several disadvantages, such as a high chemical use (crystallization, ion exchange), water and energy consumption (nanofiltration)