Population responses to climate variability: the importance of temporal scale

New title: Population responses to observed climate variability across multiple taxa Global climate change is likely to lead to concomitant changes in climate means, variability, and extremes, resulting in more variable and unpredictable environments to animal and plant populations. Increased variation in climatic conditions, such as in temperature and precipitation, could influence population dynamics by changing the mean and variation of vital rates and ultimately the population growth rate. However, empirical evidence for the effect of climate variability on wild populations is so far mixed. In this study, we explored population responses to climate variability based on long-term empiric…