6533b7d4fe1ef96bd1263242
RESEARCH PRODUCT
Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment
Xenon CollaborationE AprileF AgostiniM AlfonsiL AraziK ArisakaF ArneodoM AugerC BalanP BarrowL BaudisB BauermeisterA BehrensP BeltrameA BrownE BrownS BruennerG BrunoR BudnikL BütikoferJmr CardosoD CoderreAp ColijnH ContrerasJp CussonneauMp DecowskiA Di GiovanniE DuchovniS FattoriAd FerellaA FieguthW FulgioneM GallowayM GarbiniC GeisLw GoetzkeC GrignonE GrossW HampelR ItayF KaetherG KesslerA KishH LandsmanRf LangM Le CallochD LellouchL LevinsonC LevyS LindemannM LindnerJam LopesA LyashenkoS MacmullinT Marrodán UndagoitiaJ MasbouFv MassoliD MayaniAj Melgarejo FernandezY MengM MessinaB MiguezA MolinarioM MurraJ NaganomaU OberlackSea OrrigoP PakarhaE PanticR PersianiF PiastraJ PienaarG PlanteN PrielL RauchS ReichardC ReuterA RizzoS RosendahlJmf Dos SantosG SartorelliS SchindlerJ SchreinerM SchumannL Scotto LavinaM SelviP ShaginH SimgenA TeymourianD ThersA TiseniG TrincheroC TunnellO VitellsR WallH WangM WeberC WeinheimerM Laubensteinsubject
PhotomultiplierPhysics - Instrumentation and DetectorsPhysics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)530 PhysicsDark matterPhotodetectorchemistry.chemical_elementFOS: Physical sciencesGermanium01 natural sciencesAtomicRecoilOpticsXenonParticle and Plasma Physics0103 physical sciencesNuclear010306 general physicsEngineering (miscellaneous)physics.ins-detInstrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM)PhysicsQuantum Physics010308 nuclear & particles physicsbusiness.industryDetectorMolecularInstrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det)Nuclear & Particles Physics3. Good healthchemistrybusinessAstrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysicsastro-ph.IMdescription
The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 216 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.
| year | journal | country | edition | language |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015-11-01 |