6533b7d8fe1ef96bd126b807

RESEARCH PRODUCT

The application protocol impacts the effectiveness of biocides against lichens

Chiara TononA. RoccardiPaolo GiordaniElisabetta BianchiElisabetta BianchiZuzana FačkovcováZuzana FačkovcováSergio E. Favero-longoLuca PaoliEnrica MatteucciStefano LoppiRenato BenesperiAndrea VanniniSonia RaveraPaola MalaspinaLuca Martire

subject

0301 basic medicineBiocide030106 microbiologyFoliose lichenLichenBenzalkonium chloride010501 environmental sciences01 natural sciencesMicrobiologyBiomaterials03 medical and health sciencesBenzalkonium chloridechemistry.chemical_compoundAdsorptionChlorophyll a fluorescencemedicineCelluloseThallus hydrationLichenWaste Management and DisposalBenzalkonium chloride Chlorophyll a fluorescence Lichen Thallus hydration Stone conservation0105 earth and related environmental sciencesChemistryBenzalkonium chloride; Chlorophyll a fluorescence; Lichen; Stone conservation; Thallus hydrationPoulticeThallusEnvironmental chemistryStone conservationmedicine.drug

description

Abstract This work analyzed the influence of different application protocols on the efficacy of two biocides against the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia tinctina on the sandstones of the Roman Archaeological site of Luni (Italy). The hypotheses that (a) biocide application tools (brush vs. poultice), (b) pre-treatment hydration, and (c) post-treatment washing may affect devitalization success were verified by monitoring chlorophyll a fluorescence of thalli, both in situ and in laboratory conditions. The hypothesis that (d) stone substrate may act as reservoir for later biocide release under repeated cycles of wetting and drying was also assayed. Analyses confirmed the importance of the application tool, with cellulose poultice being more effective than brush. Hydration influenced the biocide absorption by thalli. Moreover it modulated the metabolic activity and susceptibility to the available toxic compound, hindering lichens from entering a dormant state to tolerate stress. Depending on the preparation solvent (water vs. white spirit), the biocide application benefited from pre-treatment hydration and/or a post-treatment washing. Lastly, we showed that different sandstones variously adsorb the biocides and potentially contribute as a reservoir for their long-term release at low concentrations during successive hydration events.

yearjournalcountryeditionlanguage
2020-11-01International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2020.105105