Instytucjonalny wymiar ochrony granic zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej w kontekście bezpieczeństwa państw członkowskich

6533b7dbfe1ef96bd12702ed

RESEARCH PRODUCT

Instytucjonalny wymiar ochrony granic zewnętrznych Unii Europejskiej w kontekście bezpieczeństwa państw członkowskich

subject

European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex)Schengen Agreement Europejska Straż Graniczna i Przybrzeżna Schengen Borders Code European Border Surveillance System (Eurosur).Schengen Area Układ z Schengen Integrated Border Management Policy Frontex Europejski System Nadzoru Granicznego (Eurosur)Kodeks Graniczny Schengen Polityka zintegrowanego zarządzania granicami

description

Celem artykułu jest analiza problemu funkcjonowania instytucji zapewniających ochronę zewnętrznych granic Unii Europejskiej pod kątem zagwarantowania bezpieczeństwa jej państwom w kontekście współczesnych wyzwań. Do chwili, kiedy zaistniał kryzys migracyjny istniało bowiem przekonanie, że Unia Europejska stworzyła instytucjonalne warunki dla skutecznego zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa swoich granic. UE to przestrzeń, w obrębie której realizowana jest swoboda przemieszczania się obywateli, wyrażona poprzez swobodę podróżowania, podejmowania pracy, studiowania czy zamieszkiwania w wybranym kraju Unii. Realizacja tej swobody nastąpiła w wyniku zniesienia kontroli na wewnętrznych granicach UE. Jednak dla państw Unii Europejskiej ceną tej wolności jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa narodowego, co czyni szczególnym ochronę granic zewnętrznych. Unia Europejska, dzięki włączeniu Układu z Schengen i Konwencji Wykonawczej do prawa UE, stworzyła instytucje dla ochrony granic zewnętrznych (Europejska Agencja Straży Granicznej i Przybrzeżnej, Europejska Sieć Patroli, Zespoły Szybkiej Interwencji na Granicy, Europejski System Nadzoru Granicznego) pod kątem zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa państwom członkowskim oraz ich obywatelom. Obecny kryzys migracyjny stanowi poważną weryfikację dla oceny skuteczności działania tych instytucji i w tym względzie wskazuje, jak istotne znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa państw Unii i ich obywateli, ma odpowiednia ochrona granic zewnętrznych

year	journal	country	edition	language
2018-01-01	Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies

http://pogranicze.uni.opole.pl/show.php?id=53&lang=pl&m=1

PEPhysical Sciences and Engineering
- PE2Fundamental Constituents of Matter
  - PE2_1Theory of fundamental interactions
  - PE2_2 Phenomenology of fundamental interactions
  - PE2_3Experimental particle physics with accelerators
  - PE2_4Experimental particle physics without accelerators
  - PE2_6Nuclear, hadron and heavy ion physics
  - PE2_8Gas and plasma physics
  - PE2_5Classical and quantum physics of gravitational interactions
  - PE2_7Nuclear and particle astrophysics
  - PE2_9 Electromagnetism
  - PE2_10Atomic, molecular physics
  - PE2_11Ultra-cold atoms and molecules
  - PE2_18Equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics: steady states and dynamics
  - PE2_14Lasers, ultra-short lasers and laser physics
  - PE2_17Metrology and measurement
  - PE2_16Non-linear physics
  - PE2_12Optics, non-linear optics and nano-optics
  - PE2_13Quantum optics and quantum information
  - PE2_15Thermodynamics
- PE1Mathematics
  - PE1_1Logic and foundations
  - PE1_6Geometry and global analysis
  - PE1_8Analysis
  - PE1_7Topology
  - PE1_9Operator algebras and functional analysis
  - PE1_10ODE and dynamical systems
  - PE1_12Mathematical physics
  - PE1_11Theoretical aspects of partial differential equations
  - PE1_13Probability
  - PE1_14Mathematical statistics
  - PE1_15Generic statistical methodology and modelling
  - PE1_4 Algebraic and complex geometry
  - PE1_19Scientific computing and data processing
  - PE1_2Algebra
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  - PE1_21Application of mathematics in sciences
  - PE1_22Application of mathematics in industry and society
  - PE1_5Lie groups, Lie algebras
  - PE1_18Numerical analysis
  - PE1_16Discrete mathematics and combinatorics
  - PE1_17Mathematical aspects of computer science
  - PE1_3Number theory
- PE3Condensed Matter Physics
  - PE3_1Structure of solids, material growth and characterisation
  - PE3_2Mechanical and acoustical properties of condensed matter, lattice dynamics
  - PE3_3Transport properties of condensed matter
  - PE3_4Electronic properties of materials, surfaces, interfaces, nanostructures
  - PE3_6Macroscopic quantum phenomena, e.g. superconductivity, superfluidity, quantum Hall effect
  - PE3_5Physical properties of semiconductors and insulators
  - PE3_8Magnetism and strongly correlated systems
  - PE3_7Spintronics
  - PE3_9 Condensed matter – beam interactions (photons, electrons, etc.)
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  - PE3_13Structure and dynamics of disordered systems, e.g. soft matter (gels, colloids, liquid crystals), granular matter, liquids, glasses, defects
  - PE3_14Fluid dynamics (physics)
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  - PE3_16Physics of biological systems
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  - PE5_2Solid state materials chemistry
  - PE5_3Surface modification
  - PE5_4Thin films
  - PE5_5Ionic liquids
  - PE5_9Coordination chemistry
  - PE5_10Colloid chemistry
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  - PE5_8Intelligent materials synthesis – self assembled materials
  - PE5_12Chemistry of condensed matter
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  - PE4_1Physical chemistry
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  - PE4_5Analytical chemistry
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  - PE7_7Signal processing
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  - PE7_5(Micro- and nano-) electronic, optoelectronic and photonic components
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  - PE7_3Simulation engineering and modelling
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  - PE7_4(Micro- and nano-) systems engineering
  - PE7_12Electrical energy production, distribution, applications
  - PE7_11Components and systems for applications (in e.g. medicine, biology, environment)
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  - PE8_8Propulsion engineering, e.g. hydraulic, turbo, piston, hybrid engines
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  - PE8_11Environmental engineering, e.g. sustainable design, waste and water treatment, recycling, regeneration or recovery of compounds, carbon capture & storage
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- PE9Universe Sciences
  - PE9_2Solar system science
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  - PE9_12High-energy and particle astronomy
  - PE9_11Gravitational wave astronomy
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- PE10Earth System Science
  - PE10_2Meteorology, atmospheric physics and dynamics
  - PE10_7Physics of earth’s interior, seismology, geodynamics
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  - PE10_17Hydrology, hydrogeology, engineering and environmental geology, water and soil pollution
  - PE10_18Cryosphere, dynamics of snow and ice cover, sea ice, permafrosts and ice sheets
  - PE10_20Geohazards
  - PE10_19Planetary geology and geophysics
  - PE10_21Earth system modelling and interactions
  - PE10_14Earth observations from space/remote sensing
  - PE10_11Geochemistry, cosmochemistry, crystal chemistry, isotope geochemistry, thermodynamics
  - PE10_13Physical geography, geomorphology
  - PE10_12Sedimentology, soil science, palaeontology, earth evolution
- PE11Materials Engineering
  - PE11_2Engineering of metals and alloys
  - PE11_1Engineering of biomaterials, biomimetic, bioinspired and bio-enabled materials
  - PE11_3Engineering of ceramics and glasses
  - PE11_4Engineering of polymers and plastics
  - PE11_5Engineering of composites and hybrid materials
  - PE11_6Engineering of carbon materials
  - PE11_7Engineering of metal oxides
  - PE11_8Engineering of alternative established or emergent materials
  - PE11_9Nanomaterials engineering, e.g. nanoparticles, nanoporous materials, 1D & 2D nanomaterials
  - PE11_10Soft materials engineering, e.g. gels, foams, colloids
  - PE11_11Porous materials engineering, e.g. covalent-organic, metal-organic, porous aromatic frameworks
  - PE11_12Semi-conducting and magnetic materials engineering
  - PE11_13Metamaterials engineering
  - PE11_14Computational methods for materials engineering
LSLife Sciences
- LS1Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
  - LS1_2Biochemistry
  - LS1_1Macromolecular complexes including interactions involving nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
  - LS1_3DNA and RNA biology
  - LS1_4Protein biology
  - LS1_5Lipid biology
  - LS1_6Glycobiology
  - LS1_11Chemical biology
  - LS1_12Protein design
  - LS1_13Early translational research and drug design
  - LS1_14Innovative methods and modelling in molecular, structural and synthetic biology
  - LS1_10Synthetic biology
  - LS1_8Structural biology
  - LS1_9Molecular mechanisms of signalling processes
  - LS1_7Molecular biophysics, biomechanics, bioenergetics
- LS2Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems
  - LS2_1Genetics
  - LS2_3Epigenetics
  - LS2_2Gene editing
  - LS2_4Gene regulation
  - LS2_5Genomics
  - LS2_6Metagenomics
  - LS2_7Transcriptomics
  - LS2_8Proteomics
  - LS2_9Metabolomics
  - LS2_10Glycomics/Lipidomics
  - LS2_11Bioinformatics and computational biology
  - LS2_12Biostatistics
  - LS2_14Genetic diseases
  - LS2_16Innovative methods and modelling in integrative biology
  - LS2_13Systems biology
  - LS2_15Integrative biology for personalised medicine
- LS4Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
  - LS4_1Organ and tissue physiology and pathophysiology
  - LS4_4Endocrinology
  - LS4_3Physiology of ageing
  - LS4_2Comparative physiology
  - LS4_5Non-hormonal mechanisms of inter-organ and tissue communication
  - LS4_6Microbiome and host physiology
  - LS4_7Nutrition and exercise physiology
  - LS4_8Impact of stress (including environmental stress) on physiology
  - LS4_9Metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity
  - LS4_10The cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases
  - LS4_11Haematopoiesis and blood diseases
  - LS4_12Cancer
  - LS4_13Other non-communicable diseases (except disorders of the nervous system and immunity-related diseases)
- LS3Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration
  - LS3_4Cell junctions, cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, cell communication
  - LS3_5Cell signalling and signal transduction, exosome biology
  - LS3_6Organelle biology and trafficking
  - LS3_7Mechanobiology of cells, tissues and organs
  - LS3_8Embryogenesis, pattern formation, morphogenesis
  - LS3_9Cell differentiation, formation of tissues and organs
  - LS3_10Developmental genetics
  - LS3_11Evolution of developmental strategies
  - LS3_12Organoids
  - LS3_3Cell behaviour, including control of cell shape, cell migration
  - LS3_13Stem cells
  - LS3_14Regeneration
  - LS3_15Development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration
  - LS3_17Theoretical modelling in cellular, developmental and regenerative biology
  - LS3_16Functional imaging of cells and tissues
  - LS3_1Cell cycle, cell division and growth
  - LS3_2Cell senescence, cell death, autophagy, cell ageing
- LS5Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
  - LS5_1Neuronal cells
  - LS5_3Neural development and related disorders
  - LS5_5Neural networks and plasticity
  - LS5_10Ageing of the nervous system
  - LS5_11Neurological and neurodegenerative disorders
  - LS5_12Mental disorders
  - LS5_7Sensory systems, sensation and perception, including pain
  - LS5_13Nervous system injuries and trauma, stroke
  - LS5_14Repair and regeneration of the nervous system
  - LS5_15Neuroimmunology, neuroinflammation
  - LS5_16Systems and computational neuroscience (e.g. modelling, simulation, brain oscillations, connectomics)
  - LS5_18Innovative methods and tools for neuroscience
  - LS5_17Imaging in neuroscience
  - LS5_9Neural basis of cognition (e.g. learning, memory, attention, emotions, speech)
  - LS5_6Neurovascular biology and blood-brain barrier
  - LS5_8Neural basis of behaviour (e.g. sleep, consciousness, addiction)
  - LS5_4Neural stem cells
  - LS5_2Glial cells and neuronal-glial communication
- LS6Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
  - LS6_1Innate immunity
  - LS6_2Adaptive immunity
  - LS6_3Regulation of the immune response
  - LS6_4Immune-related diseases
  - LS6_5Biology of pathogens (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
  - LS6_7Mechanisms of infection
  - LS6_6Infectious diseases
  - LS6_8Biological basis of prevention and treatment of infection
  - LS6_9Antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance
  - LS6_10Vaccine development
  - LS6_11Innovative immunological tools and approaches, including therapies
- LS7Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
  - LS7_2Medical technologies and tools (including genetic tools and biomarkers) for prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases
  - LS7_1Medical imaging for prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of diseases
  - LS7_5Applied gene, cell and immune therapies
  - LS7_4Regenerative medicine
  - LS7_3Nanomedicine
  - LS7_6Other medical therapeutic interventions, including transplantation
  - LS7_7Pharmacology and toxicology
  - LS7_8Effectiveness of interventions, including resistance to therapies
  - LS7_9Public health and epidemiology
  - LS7_12Health care, including care for the ageing population
  - LS7_14Digital medicine, e-medicine, medical applications of artificial intelligence
  - LS7_15Medical ethics
  - LS7_13Palliative medicine
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  - LS7_10Preventative and prognostic medicine
- LS8Environmental Biology, Ecology and Evolution
  - LS8_2Biodiversity
  - LS8_3Conservation biology
  - LS8_4Population biology, population dynamics, population genetics
  - LS8_5Biological aspects of environmental change, including climate change
  - LS8_6Evolutionary ecology
  - LS8_1Ecosystem and community ecology, macroecology
  - LS8_7Evolutionary genetics
  - LS8_8Phylogenetics, systematics, comparative biology
  - LS8_11Behavioural ecology and evolution
  - LS8_9Macroevolution and paleobiology
  - LS8_10Ecology and evolution of species interactions
  - LS8_12Microbial ecology and evolution
  - LS8_13Marine biology and ecology
  - LS8_14Ecophysiology, from organisms to ecosystems
  - LS8_15Theoretical developments and modelling in environmental biology, ecology, and evolution
- LS9Biotechnology and Biosystems Engineering
  - LS9_3Bioengineering of cells, tissues, organs and organisms
  - LS9_2Applied genetics, gene editing and transgenic organisms
  - LS9_4Microbial biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_5Food biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_6Marine biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_7Environmental biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_8Applied plant sciences, plant breeding, agroecology and soil biology
  - LS9_10Veterinary and applied animal sciences
  - LS9_9Plant pathology and pest resistance
  - LS9_11Biomass production and utilisation, biofuels
  - LS9_12Ecotoxicology, biohazards and biosafety
  - LS9_1Bioengineering for synthetic and chemical biology
SHSocial Sciences and Humanities
- SH2Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
  - SH2_1Political systems, governance
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  - SH2_4Legal studies, comparative law, law and economics
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  - SH1_7Accounting, asset prices, auditing
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  - SH1_1Macroeconomics; monetary economics; economic growth, labour economics
  - SH1_4Finance; financial markets
  - SH1_16Quantitative economic history, economic systems, institutional economics
  - SH1_5Corporate finance; international finance
- SH3The Social World and Its Interactions
  - SH3_1Social structure, social mobility, social innovation
  - SH3_2Inequalities, discrimination, prejudice
  - SH3_3Aggression and violence, antisocial behaviour, crime
  - SH3_5Social attitudes and beliefs
  - SH3_4Social integration, exclusion, prosocial behaviour
  - SH3_7Social policies, welfare, work and employment
  - SH3_8Poverty and poverty alleviation
  - SH3_10Communication and information, networks, media
  - SH3_11Digital social research
  - SH3_9Social aspects of teaching and learning, curriculum studies, education and educational policies
  - SH3_12Social studies of science and technology
  - SH3_6Social influence; power and group behaviour
- SH4The Human Mind and Its Complexity
  - SH4_1Cognitive basis of human development, developmental disorders; comparative cognition
  - SH4_2Personality and social cognition; emotion
  - SH4_3Clinical and health psychology
  - SH4_4Neurocognitive psychology
  - SH4_5Attention, perception, action, consciousness
  - SH4_6Learning, memory; cognition in ageing
  - SH4_7Reasoning, decision-making; intelligence
  - SH4_8Language learning and processing (first and second languages)
  - SH4_11Pragmatics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, discourse analysis
  - SH4_9Theoretical linguistics; computational linguistics
  - SH4_10Language typology; historical linguistics
- SH6The Study of the Human Past
  - SH6_1Archaeological methods and theory, history of archaeology
  - SH6_2Prehistoric archaeology, archaeology of non-literate societies
  - SH6_3Archaeology of early literate societies and early civilizations
  - SH6_6Digital, computational, virtual and geospatial archaeologies
  - SH6_7Historiography, theory and methods of history, including the analysis of digital data
  - SH6_10Colonial and post-colonial history
  - SH6_11Global, transnational, and comparative history
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  - SH5_4Philology; text and image studies
  - SH5_1Classics, ancient literature
  - SH5_5Palaeography and codicology
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  - SH5_6Philosophy of mind, philosophy of language
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  - SH5_10History of philosophy
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- SH7Human Mobility, Environment, and Space
  - SH7_2Migration
  - SH7_1Human, economic and social geography
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  - SH8_1Kinship; diversity and identities, gender, interethnic relations
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  - SH8_9Digital approaches to anthropology, cultural studies and art