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RESEARCH PRODUCT

Variabilité pluviométrique et dynamique hydro-sédimentaire du bassin versant du complexe fluvio-lagunaire Mono-Ahémé-Couffo (Afrique de l'ouest)

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This thesis aims to highlight the relationship between climate and water balance process on the basin of the complex river-lagoon Mono-Aheme-Couffo. A better analysis rain/flow is made using rainfall spatialization from interpolation, taking into account altitude and geographical coordinates of hydrometeorological stations. Also, pluvio-hydrological variability and surface states dynamics impacts on sedimentation are examined. Runoff variability and sediment dynamics in the watershed Mono-Aheme-Couffo over the period 1961-2000 in a context of integrated water resources management (IWRM) were analyzed according to the rainfall depths, effects of water releases from the Nangbeto dam operational since september 1987,the dynamic of surface state and geological bedrock (crystalline basement and sandstone). Thisapproach combined the use of meteorological, hydrological, land use land cover, sedimentological data, associated with a previous studies and field observations data have enabled us to develop efficient statistical methods for achieving the objectives of this study.The results show that rainfall deficits of the 1970s and 1980s have multiplied by 4 deficit of flow, due to recharge lack. But, slight high rainfall (3%) of 1988-2000 period compared to the sub-period 1965-1987, caused an excess flow of 0.1 % on Couffo basin and 37 % on Mono basin. Effects of the dam Nangbeto result in an increase of 97 % of low flows whereas rising flows fall of 3 %. This shows the role of the dam Nangbeto on stream flow and flood reduction and consequently perpetuation of the flow on the downstream of the basin. The GR2M model proves effective enough to simulate the average flows despite the influence of water releases from the dam Nangbeto.In contrast, the low runoff coefficients and the low correlation between runoff and recharge, show that precipitation is not the only factor explaining the hydrological basin functioning, but also geological bedrock and surface conditions play also key role. These determine the suitability of soils for infiltration, runoff and erosion. From 1956 to 2000, there was a regressive evolution of natural forestland and increase of agriculture land. Human pressure on the catchments induce decrease of over60 % of the forest and savannah land, which play a moderating role on the flow, make easier infiltration and reduce sediment transport towards the rivers beds. Natural vegetation degradation could only lead to runoff and evaporation increase, decrease of infiltration and groundwater shortage and so accelerated erosion and sedimentation process.To this effect, pluvio-hydrological change linked to land use land cover change has contributed to increase of sediment transport which largest part reach the river bed during the period of high waterhold only 8 % of this time. These solid charge contributions are both marine and continental origins;the most important are drained by rivers. They have contributed to the water bodies area reduction of 4 % in the lower valley. Mono sediment inputs before the dam Nangbeto drive the lagoon system closing of 1.6 mm/year and could cause the biocenose destruction and therefore disappearance of fishstocks.