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RESEARCH PRODUCT

Szwabowie przeciwko Normanom w bitwie pod Civitate w 1053 r. Pomiędzy skandynawską a bizantyńską sztuką prowadzenia wojny

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The Battle of Civitate in 1053 was the clash of two worlds. On the one hand, the people of Italy, who defended the old status quo, led by Pope Leo IX. These descendants of the Lombards and the ancient Romans, stand in front of the descendants of the Danes and Norwegians, who earlier created state later called Normandy. The Normans were the new factor, which disrupted the fragile balance of forces in the Mezzogiorno, between the world of Latin, the Greeks, and Islam. The nwecomers from the north of France, only nominally resembled their pedecessors from Scandinavia, representing a new school of warfare, in which they in a kind of synthesis combined the world of the Vikings and the Carolingian military heritage. Civitate, however, was a lesson foe them from the prehistory, because on the battlefield they met an opponent that was warring on the way of their ancestors. This refers to the 700 Swabians, whose fury and the will to fight, honor, and awarenessof of their own values persisted that the manifestation of the Scandinavians. In the chronicle of William of Apulia, we find a quite intriguing description of this battle, which will become the basis of our analysis of the adoption by non-Scandinavians in XI Century, methods of warfare which had its roots in two peninsulas: Jutland and the Scandinavian.