Omission of Causal Indicators: Consequences and Implications for Measurement

6533b86cfe1ef96bd12c8155

RESEARCH PRODUCT

Omission of Causal Indicators: Consequences and Implications for Measurement – A Rejoinder

Miguel I. Aguirre-urreta George M. Marakas Mikko Rönkkö

subject

ta113 Statistics and Probability Applied Mathematics 05 social sciences 050401 social sciences methods Research needs Education 0504 sociology 0502 economics and business causal indicators measurement Positive economics Psychology Social psychology 050203 business & management Causal model

year	journal	country	edition	language
2016-10-01	Measurement: Interdisciplinary Research and Perspectives

https://doi.org/10.1080/15366367.2016.1257323

PEPhysical Sciences and Engineering
- PE2Fundamental Constituents of Matter
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  - PE2_2 Phenomenology of fundamental interactions
  - PE2_3Experimental particle physics with accelerators
  - PE2_4Experimental particle physics without accelerators
  - PE2_6Nuclear, hadron and heavy ion physics
  - PE2_8Gas and plasma physics
  - PE2_5Classical and quantum physics of gravitational interactions
  - PE2_7Nuclear and particle astrophysics
  - PE2_9 Electromagnetism
  - PE2_10Atomic, molecular physics
  - PE2_11Ultra-cold atoms and molecules
  - PE2_18Equilibrium and non-equilibrium statistical mechanics: steady states and dynamics
  - PE2_14Lasers, ultra-short lasers and laser physics
  - PE2_17Metrology and measurement
  - PE2_16Non-linear physics
  - PE2_12Optics, non-linear optics and nano-optics
  - PE2_13Quantum optics and quantum information
  - PE2_15Thermodynamics
- PE1Mathematics
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  - PE1_8Analysis
  - PE1_7Topology
  - PE1_9Operator algebras and functional analysis
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  - PE1_11Theoretical aspects of partial differential equations
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  - PE1_14Mathematical statistics
  - PE1_15Generic statistical methodology and modelling
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  - PE1_19Scientific computing and data processing
  - PE1_2Algebra
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  - PE8_4Computational engineering
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  - PE9_4Astrobiology
  - PE9_5Interstellar medium and star formation
  - PE9_6Stars – stellar physics, stellar systems
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  - PE10_17Hydrology, hydrogeology, engineering and environmental geology, water and soil pollution
  - PE10_18Cryosphere, dynamics of snow and ice cover, sea ice, permafrosts and ice sheets
  - PE10_20Geohazards
  - PE10_19Planetary geology and geophysics
  - PE10_21Earth system modelling and interactions
  - PE10_14Earth observations from space/remote sensing
  - PE10_11Geochemistry, cosmochemistry, crystal chemistry, isotope geochemistry, thermodynamics
  - PE10_13Physical geography, geomorphology
  - PE10_12Sedimentology, soil science, palaeontology, earth evolution
- PE11Materials Engineering
  - PE11_2Engineering of metals and alloys
  - PE11_1Engineering of biomaterials, biomimetic, bioinspired and bio-enabled materials
  - PE11_3Engineering of ceramics and glasses
  - PE11_4Engineering of polymers and plastics
  - PE11_5Engineering of composites and hybrid materials
  - PE11_6Engineering of carbon materials
  - PE11_7Engineering of metal oxides
  - PE11_8Engineering of alternative established or emergent materials
  - PE11_9Nanomaterials engineering, e.g. nanoparticles, nanoporous materials, 1D & 2D nanomaterials
  - PE11_10Soft materials engineering, e.g. gels, foams, colloids
  - PE11_11Porous materials engineering, e.g. covalent-organic, metal-organic, porous aromatic frameworks
  - PE11_12Semi-conducting and magnetic materials engineering
  - PE11_13Metamaterials engineering
  - PE11_14Computational methods for materials engineering
LSLife Sciences
- LS1Molecules of Life: Biological Mechanisms, Structures and Functions
  - LS1_2Biochemistry
  - LS1_1Macromolecular complexes including interactions involving nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
  - LS1_3DNA and RNA biology
  - LS1_4Protein biology
  - LS1_5Lipid biology
  - LS1_6Glycobiology
  - LS1_11Chemical biology
  - LS1_12Protein design
  - LS1_13Early translational research and drug design
  - LS1_14Innovative methods and modelling in molecular, structural and synthetic biology
  - LS1_10Synthetic biology
  - LS1_8Structural biology
  - LS1_9Molecular mechanisms of signalling processes
  - LS1_7Molecular biophysics, biomechanics, bioenergetics
- LS2Integrative Biology: from Genes and Genomes to Systems
  - LS2_1Genetics
  - LS2_3Epigenetics
  - LS2_2Gene editing
  - LS2_4Gene regulation
  - LS2_5Genomics
  - LS2_6Metagenomics
  - LS2_7Transcriptomics
  - LS2_8Proteomics
  - LS2_9Metabolomics
  - LS2_10Glycomics/Lipidomics
  - LS2_11Bioinformatics and computational biology
  - LS2_12Biostatistics
  - LS2_14Genetic diseases
  - LS2_16Innovative methods and modelling in integrative biology
  - LS2_13Systems biology
  - LS2_15Integrative biology for personalised medicine
- LS4Physiology in Health, Disease and Ageing
  - LS4_1Organ and tissue physiology and pathophysiology
  - LS4_4Endocrinology
  - LS4_3Physiology of ageing
  - LS4_2Comparative physiology
  - LS4_5Non-hormonal mechanisms of inter-organ and tissue communication
  - LS4_6Microbiome and host physiology
  - LS4_7Nutrition and exercise physiology
  - LS4_8Impact of stress (including environmental stress) on physiology
  - LS4_9Metabolism and metabolic disorders, including diabetes and obesity
  - LS4_10The cardiovascular system and cardiovascular diseases
  - LS4_11Haematopoiesis and blood diseases
  - LS4_12Cancer
  - LS4_13Other non-communicable diseases (except disorders of the nervous system and immunity-related diseases)
- LS3Cell Biology, Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration
  - LS3_4Cell junctions, cell adhesion, the extracellular matrix, cell communication
  - LS3_5Cell signalling and signal transduction, exosome biology
  - LS3_6Organelle biology and trafficking
  - LS3_7Mechanobiology of cells, tissues and organs
  - LS3_8Embryogenesis, pattern formation, morphogenesis
  - LS3_9Cell differentiation, formation of tissues and organs
  - LS3_10Developmental genetics
  - LS3_11Evolution of developmental strategies
  - LS3_12Organoids
  - LS3_3Cell behaviour, including control of cell shape, cell migration
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  - LS3_14Regeneration
  - LS3_15Development of cell-based therapeutic approaches for tissue regeneration
  - LS3_17Theoretical modelling in cellular, developmental and regenerative biology
  - LS3_16Functional imaging of cells and tissues
  - LS3_1Cell cycle, cell division and growth
  - LS3_2Cell senescence, cell death, autophagy, cell ageing
- LS5Neuroscience and Disorders of the Nervous System
  - LS5_1Neuronal cells
  - LS5_3Neural development and related disorders
  - LS5_5Neural networks and plasticity
  - LS5_10Ageing of the nervous system
  - LS5_11Neurological and neurodegenerative disorders
  - LS5_12Mental disorders
  - LS5_7Sensory systems, sensation and perception, including pain
  - LS5_13Nervous system injuries and trauma, stroke
  - LS5_14Repair and regeneration of the nervous system
  - LS5_15Neuroimmunology, neuroinflammation
  - LS5_16Systems and computational neuroscience (e.g. modelling, simulation, brain oscillations, connectomics)
  - LS5_18Innovative methods and tools for neuroscience
  - LS5_17Imaging in neuroscience
  - LS5_9Neural basis of cognition (e.g. learning, memory, attention, emotions, speech)
  - LS5_6Neurovascular biology and blood-brain barrier
  - LS5_8Neural basis of behaviour (e.g. sleep, consciousness, addiction)
  - LS5_4Neural stem cells
  - LS5_2Glial cells and neuronal-glial communication
- LS6Immunity, Infection and Immunotherapy
  - LS6_1Innate immunity
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  - LS6_3Regulation of the immune response
  - LS6_4Immune-related diseases
  - LS6_5Biology of pathogens (e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi)
  - LS6_7Mechanisms of infection
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  - LS6_8Biological basis of prevention and treatment of infection
  - LS6_9Antimicrobials, antimicrobial resistance
  - LS6_10Vaccine development
  - LS6_11Innovative immunological tools and approaches, including therapies
- LS7Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Diseases
  - LS7_2Medical technologies and tools (including genetic tools and biomarkers) for prevention, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment of diseases
  - LS7_1Medical imaging for prevention, diagnosis and monitoring of diseases
  - LS7_5Applied gene, cell and immune therapies
  - LS7_4Regenerative medicine
  - LS7_3Nanomedicine
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  - LS7_7Pharmacology and toxicology
  - LS7_8Effectiveness of interventions, including resistance to therapies
  - LS7_9Public health and epidemiology
  - LS7_12Health care, including care for the ageing population
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  - LS9_5Food biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_6Marine biotechnology and bioengineering
  - LS9_7Environmental biotechnology and bioengineering
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  - LS9_10Veterinary and applied animal sciences
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  - LS9_11Biomass production and utilisation, biofuels
  - LS9_12Ecotoxicology, biohazards and biosafety
  - LS9_1Bioengineering for synthetic and chemical biology
SHSocial Sciences and Humanities
- SH2Institutions, Governance and Legal Systems
  - SH2_1Political systems, governance
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  - SH2_4Legal studies, comparative law, law and economics
  - SH2_5Constitutions, human rights, international law
  - SH2_6International relations, global and transnational governance
  - SH2_7Humanitarian assistance and development
  - SH2_8Political and legal philosophy
  - SH2_9Digital approaches to political science and law
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  - SH1_7Accounting, asset prices, auditing
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  - SH1_13Human resource management; organisational behaviour
  - SH1_14Strategy, operation research
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  - SH1_3Development economics political economics
  - SH1_1Macroeconomics; monetary economics; economic growth, labour economics
  - SH1_4Finance; financial markets
  - SH1_16Quantitative economic history, economic systems, institutional economics
  - SH1_5Corporate finance; international finance
- SH3The Social World and Its Interactions
  - SH3_1Social structure, social mobility, social innovation
  - SH3_2Inequalities, discrimination, prejudice
  - SH3_3Aggression and violence, antisocial behaviour, crime
  - SH3_5Social attitudes and beliefs
  - SH3_4Social integration, exclusion, prosocial behaviour
  - SH3_7Social policies, welfare, work and employment
  - SH3_8Poverty and poverty alleviation
  - SH3_10Communication and information, networks, media
  - SH3_11Digital social research
  - SH3_9Social aspects of teaching and learning, curriculum studies, education and educational policies
  - SH3_12Social studies of science and technology
  - SH3_6Social influence; power and group behaviour
- SH4The Human Mind and Its Complexity
  - SH4_1Cognitive basis of human development, developmental disorders; comparative cognition
  - SH4_2Personality and social cognition; emotion
  - SH4_3Clinical and health psychology
  - SH4_4Neurocognitive psychology
  - SH4_5Attention, perception, action, consciousness
  - SH4_6Learning, memory; cognition in ageing
  - SH4_7Reasoning, decision-making; intelligence
  - SH4_8Language learning and processing (first and second languages)
  - SH4_11Pragmatics, sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, discourse analysis
  - SH4_9Theoretical linguistics; computational linguistics
  - SH4_10Language typology; historical linguistics
- SH6The Study of the Human Past
  - SH6_1Archaeological methods and theory, history of archaeology
  - SH6_2Prehistoric archaeology, archaeology of non-literate societies
  - SH6_3Archaeology of early literate societies and early civilizations
  - SH6_6Digital, computational, virtual and geospatial archaeologies
  - SH6_7Historiography, theory and methods of history, including the analysis of digital data
  - SH6_10Colonial and post-colonial history
  - SH6_11Global, transnational, and comparative history
  - SH6_12Social and economic history
  - SH6_13Cultural history, intellectual history
  - SH6_14History of science and technologies, environmental history
  - SH6_9Early modern, modern, and contemporary history
  - SH6_8Ancient history, medieval history
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- SH5Texts and Concepts
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  - SH5_1Classics, ancient literature
  - SH5_5Palaeography and codicology
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  - SH5_6Philosophy of mind, philosophy of language
  - SH5_7Philosophy of science, epistemology, logic
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  - SH5_9Ethics and its applications; social philosophy
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  - SH5_2Theory and history of literature, comparative literature
- SH7Human Mobility, Environment, and Space
  - SH7_2Migration
  - SH7_1Human, economic and social geography
  - SH7_3Population dynamics: households, family and fertility
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  - SH7_7Cities; urban, regional and rural studies
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  - SH7_10GIS, spatial analysis; digital geography
  - SH7_9Energy, transportation and mobility
- SH8Studies of Cultures and Arts
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  - SH8_2Religious studies, ritual; symbolic representation
  - SH8_3Cultural studies and theory, cultural identities and memories, cultural heritage
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  - SH8_5History of art and of architecture
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