Search results for " Civil War"
showing 10 items of 181 documents
COPING WITH PEACE AFTER A DEBACLE
2008
This article analyzes a situation when the war was actually over and society began to recover. The government faced a severe challenge after the war. These serious problems will be analyzed in the light of the Great Northern War (1700–1721). The plans of the central government to stabilize society will be analyzed, as will the different kinds of planning activities undertaken by the authorities. The critical nature of the situation led the government to concentrate solely on short‐term planning. The government had no proper strategies; there were just a couple of exceptions to this rule. Firstly, the problems in Finland were repeatedly concrete and tangible. This made them both easy to addr…
Educational discourse in Spain during the early Franco regime (1936–1943): toward a genealogy of doctrine and concepts
2015
In this article an analysis is undertaken of Spanish educational discourse during the early years of the Franco regime, from the Civil War (1936–1939) to the establishment of the Nuevo Estado or New State (1939–1943), employing Reinhart Koselleck’s principles of conceptual history. Without totally spurning the totalitarian and fascist ideology of the new regime, this educational discourse constructed an imagined community of Espana Nacional (Nationalist Spain) by means of a historical narrative that began with the uprising led by General Franco in July 1936. The discourse sought to recover the importance of the nation’s traditions so as to promote a conceptual and symbolic imaginary that mi…
Historiography, memory, silences and commemorations: Valencia, capital of the Second Spanish Republic (1936-1937)
2020
Durante la tarde-noche del 6 de noviembre de 1936 comenzó el traslado a Valencia del gobierno republicano desde un Madrid asediado por las tropas sublevadas. La ciudad se convirtió así, y durante un año, en sede del gobierno legítimo y capital, en la práctica, de la República española. En el presente artículo se analiza cómo se ha abordado todo ello desde dos perspectivas diferentes, aunque estrechamente interconectadas: la historiografía y la memoria pública. Se centra en los años más recientes, aunque se establecen también conclusiones sobre la producción historiográfica y las políticas de memoria en torno a esta cuestión en las cuatro últimas décadas. Finalmente, se aporta una reflexión …
War and economics: Spanish civil war finances revisited
2010
This paper reviews how the Spanish civil war was financed. We present new evidence to show that the two combatant parties, the Republican government and the Franco administration followed similar financial strategies. In both cases money creation, rather than new taxes or the issue of debt, was the main mechanism used to cover the expenses of the war. We argue, contrary to the established knowledge, that both sides consumed a similar amount of domestic and foreign resources. We also argue that the Spanish Republic did not lose the war because of a lack of means. International factors, such as the Non-Intervention agreement promoted by France and Great Britain, and the military setbacks of t…
Workers’ Institutes: envisioned community, living community
2015
This article focuses on the Workers’ Institutes (WI), one of the most important educational initiatives undertaken by the Spanish Republic during the Civil War (1936–1939). After framing their creation within the context of European trends in higher education for the working classes and within the Spanish socio-political context, this article examines the role of these institutions as an envisioned community and as a living community, dedicated to serving the Republic as an imagined community. Legal documents, political and pedagogical speeches, as well as opinion pieces, portray the WI as an envisioned community. As such, they represented the transformations and disseminated the aspiration…
Seeing the Invisible: The Introduction and Development of Electron Microscopy in Britain, 1935–1945
2013
INTRODUCTIONSpring, 1941. The German campaigns in the Balkans are strengthening the Nazi domination of continental Europe. The Lend-Lease bill signed by Roosevelt on 1 1 March has broken any neutrality pretence of the USA. War material is being sold, transferred or leased to the Allied nations in the name of assisting US defence. The war is about to become global and US and British leaders discuss strategy in the event that the USA finally enters actively into the war. In this context, the British physicist Charles Galton Darwin (1887-1962) is appointed Director of the British Central Scientific Office in Washington - an institution conceived to promote closer contact and exchange of inform…
El Groupe Français d´Éducation Nouvelle y la Guerra Civil española en las revistas Pour l´Ère Nouvelle y L´Éducateur Prolétarien
2017
The Groupe Français d’Éducation Nouvelle (G.F.E.N.) was a fundamental point of reference for the New Education movement in Europe, represented in the interwar period by the International League for New Education. It was a diverse group, both in its composition and its ideological and pedagogical guidance, especially from 1936 with the arrival of Celestin Freinet and his co-workers from the Coopérative d’Enseignement laic. Through its magazine, Pour l’Ère Nouvelle, which was founded by Adolphe Ferrière and published regularly between January 1922 and March 1940, this movement had a significant influence on educational reformers throughout those two decades. The same is true for the magazine …
L'alta noblesa catalana en la conquesta de València
1996
The studies about the conquest of Valence by the king Jaume I during the Xlllth century had emphasized the more great participation of the Aragonese nobility rather than the Catalan, so in the war as in the repartition of the land and the seigniories. Also it's affirmed that the Aragonese people remained in the Vanencian country, though the Catalans only came by religious reasons and went back to their land. This paper revises all the royal documents of the chancellery, the donations of the Repartiment and also the chronique of the king Jaume I, and demonstrates the opposed situation. The participation of the catalans nobility in the conquest of Valencia was very important —more than 150 kn…
L?encaix de la narrativa sense ficció de Víctor Labrado en el paradigma de la novel·la històrica valenciana
2019
Resum: L’escriptor valencià Víctor Labrado (Sueca, 1956) s’ha erigit com un dels grans referents contemporanis en el camp de la novel·la de no-ficció en català, subgènere narratiu que conjumina la intenció metanovel·lesca amb fidedignes discursos testimonials. Ara bé, ¿les obres cabdals de Labrado –peculiars, idiosincràtiques i gens usuals– poden ser considerades també, sense subterfugis ni matisos, novel·la històrica? A grans trets: trames guerracivilistes empeltades d’entrevistes, dosis generoses de periodisme documental i absència gairebé absoluta de ficció. La tècnica i l’estil propi no suposen, però, cap impediment perquè molts llibres seus siguen alhora novel·la històrica, si fem cas …
Neglecting the 19th century
2015
The present article examines the historical narrative proposed by modernization theory about the recent Spanish past. Its assumptions and consequences for historical research focused on the 19th century are described in order to understand the lack of intellectual exchange among historians and sociologists in the Spanish academic world. Modernization theory has justified the political consensus that allowed the Spanish transition to democracy and its academic authority has narrowed the scope of historical research about previous democratization processes. Although the paradigm of Spanish backwardness has been refuted by specialists on 19th-century Spain, sociologists, economists and histor…