Search results for " Damage"

[23] Ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione as indicator of oxidative stress status and DNA damage

1999

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH) as an indicator of oxidative stress status and DNA damage. Several methods have been proposed for the determination of GSH status in biological samples. Accurate determination of this status is largely dependent on the prevention of GSH autoxidation during sample processing. As the disulfide form (GSSG) is present only in minimal amounts with respect to the reduced form, a small GSH autoxidation during sample processing can give erroneously high GSSG level. The chapter describes high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for determining GSSG. It also presents a method for glutathione determ…

Role of Nitric Oxide for Modulation of Cancer Therapy Resistance

2010

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) act as central second messengers in a balanced cellular network. While the complexity of nitric oxide (NO) signaling is far from being understood, and many controversial data can be found in the literature, there is evidence for NO as a major player of modulation of resistance to anticancer drugs and radiotherapy. Hypoxia in cancer tissues causes therapy resistance, and the hypoxia-inducing factor-1 (HIF-1) plays a predominant role in hypoxia-induced resistance. NO and NO-donating compounds sensitize tumor cells by inhibiting HIF-1 mediated transcription in hypoxic cells. Among a plethora of other genes, HIF-1-induced the transcription of the multidrug resist…

Characterization of hOGG1 Promoter Structure, Expression During Cell Cycle and Overexpression in Mammalian Cells

2001

Oxygen radicals are produced in all cells either by the normal cellular metabolism or by the exposure to external mutagens. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated can induce DNA damage. Among the principal lesions found in DNA due to ROS is an oxidized form of guanine, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG). The biological relevance of this lesion has been unveiled by the study of Escherichia colt and Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes involved in the neutralization of the mutagenic effects of 8-oxoG (Cabrera et al., 1988; Nghiem et al., 1988; Radicella et al., 1988; van der Kemp et al., 1996). These genes fpg and mutY for E. colt and OGG1 for yeast, code for DNA glycosylases. Inactivation of a…

[39] DNA damage induced by ultraviolet and visible light and its wavelength dependence

2000

Publisher Summary DNA damage induced by solar radiation in mammalian cells consists largely of two types of modification: pyrimidine dimers and oxidative modifications. Pyrimidine dimmers that can be subdivided into cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers, (CPDs) and (6-4) photoproducts are the characteristic and most abundant modifications after direct excitation of DNA, although they can also be formed indirectly by energy transfer from other excited molecules such as carbonyl compounds. Oxidative DNA damage, which includes various pyrimidine and purine modifications, sites of base loss (AP sites), and strand breaks, is generated in only low yield after direct excitation of DNA (except at very sho…

Environmental noise aggravates oxidative DNA damage, granulocyte oxidative burst and nitrate resistance in Ogg1−/− mice

2020

LA CLASS ACTION E LA FUNZIONE DI DETERRENZA DEGLI ILLECITI CIVILI IN PROSPETTIVA COMPARATISTICA

2010

La ricerca affronta l'esame dell'istituto della class action o azione collettiva risarcitoria da tempo esistente nel sistema americano e di recente recepito nell'ordinamento italiano, attraverso la L.23 luglio 2009 n.99, che ha modificato la pregressa disciplina di cui all'art.2 comma 446 della L. 24 dicembre 2007 n.244 (finanziaria 2008), sia pur con alcune rilevanti differenze rispetto al sistema americano che ne riducono le potenzialità applicative (si consideri, ad es., la scelta italiana del sistema di opt-in piuttosto che del sistema di opt-out). Accanto alla class action - per l'analoga funzione di deterrenza - si esaminano i c.d. punitive damages o danni punitivi, per lungo tempo di…

Severe Perinatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury Induces Long-Term Sensorimotor Deficits, Anxiety-Like Behaviors and Cognitive Impairment in a Sex-, Ag…

2019

Perinatal brain injury (PBI) leads to neurological disabilities throughout life, from motor deficits, cognitive limitations to severe cerebral palsy. Yet, perinatal brain damage has limited therapeutic outcomes. Besides, the immature brain of premature children is at increased risk of hypoxic/ischemic (HI) injury, with males being more susceptible to it and less responsive to protective/therapeutical interventions. Here, we model in male and female C57BL/6 mice, the impact of neonatal HI and the protective effects of neonatal handling (NH), an early life tactile and proprioceptive sensory stimulation. From postnatal day 1 (PND1, modeling pre-term) to PND21 randomized litters received either…

Bisfenola A saturošo zobārstniecības kompozītu genotoksicitāte

2019

Daži zobārstniecībā izmantojamie sveķu kompozīti satur monomērus ar BPA kā bāzes elementu, kas izraisa dzīvo šūnu genotoksicitāti un spēj izraisīt dzīvo šūnu nāvi. Šie monomēri spēj noārdīties cilvēka siekalās esošo esterāžu iedarbībā, tādējādi izdalot toksiskos noārdīšanās produktus mutes dobumā. Izdalītie monomēri pat var iekļūt asinsritē, izejot cauri zoba struktūrām uz pulpu. Šī pētījuma mērķis bija izpētīt zobārstniecības kompozīta materiālu ietekmi uz cilvēka asins šūnām, tieši uz limfocītiem, un novērtēt šūnu DNS bojājumu līmeni. Lai izpētītu šo jautājumu, 4 dažādi komerciāli pieejamie zobārstniecības kompozīta materiālu fragmenti tika izmērcēti izolētās cilvēka perifēro asiņu mononu…

Disturbances of communication in persons with traumatic brain injury

2015

The present study was undertaken to examine the communicative problems faced by non-aphasic patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), with particular attention to the com plex interactions between the psychological processes taking place in the minds of patients and the social transactions involved in the communicative act. Some theoretical background is provided. Five examples are given, illustrating how TBI patients exhibit pathologies of communication, even when their linguistic competence, as normally understood, seems to be largely intact. Qualitative methods of analysis are applied, including a simplified version of conversation analysis. Aphasia is not the only, or even the most im…

Umorzenie postępowania karnego na podstawie art. 59a k.k. – wybrane zagadnienia

2016

Discontinuation of proceedings under Article 59a of the Criminal Code is a new institution in Polish criminal law. This article discusses selected issues relating to the premises for the application of Article 59a of the Criminal Code in practice. In view of the use by the legislator in Article 59a of the Criminal Code of concepts with vague meanings, their possible interpretations were proposed. It has been suggested that a rephrasing of the provision in ąuestion should be considered, in order to ensure the possibility of applying the said institution to a wider range of misdemeanours, as compensatory discontinuation is intended by the legislator to fulfil the redress function of proceedin…