Search results for " Design"
showing 10 items of 5050 documents
Increasing the default interletter spacing of words can help drivers to read traffic signs at longer distances
2018
Would an increase in the default interletter spacing improve the legibility of words in traffic signs? Previous evidence on traffic sign design and recent studies on the cognitive processes involved in visual word recognition have provided conflicting results. The present work examined whether an increase in the default interletter spacing would improve the search of a word in direction traffic signs. To achieve this objective, twenty-two drivers participated in a driving simulation experiment. They followed a highway route and indicated whether a target place name was present among a set of distractors shown on direction traffic signs along the route. We compared the default interletter sp…
The impact of rear-view mirror distance and curvature on judgements relevant to road safety
2011
We report two experiments that investigate the impact of rear-view mirror distance and curvature on distance, spacing, and time-to-contact (TTC) judgements. The variation in mirror distance had a significant effect on TTC judgements, but only marginally influenced distance and spacing estimations. As mirror distance increased, TTC was overestimated, which is potentially dangerous. Control conditions with identical visual angles across different mirror distances revealed that effects were not solely caused by variation in visual angle. The impact of mirror curvature moderated the effect. While observers were unable to compensate for the mirror distance effect, they could do so for the distor…
Semantic distance as a critical factor in icon design for in-car infotainment systems
2017
In-car infotainment systems require icons that enable fluent cognitive information processing and safe interaction while driving. An important issue is how to find an optimised set of icons for different functions in terms of semantic distance. In an optimised icon set, every icon needs to be semantically as close as possible to the function it visually represents and semantically as far as possible from the other functions represented concurrently. In three experiments (N = 21 each), semantic distances of 19 icons to four menu functions were studied with preference rankings, verbal protocols, and the primed product comparisons method. The results show that the primed product comparisons me…
Interchangeability among five devices that measure anterior eye distances.
2014
The aim was to study the interchangeability of various devices that measure anterior chamber depth (ACD) and white-to-white (WTW) distance.Eighty right eyes of eighty patients aged 20 to 40 years were included. Their spherical equivalent ranged from -4.25 to +1.00 dioptres. Each eye's ACD and the WTW distance were measured using the following devices: a Castroviejo surgical calliper, CA-200F Corneal Analyser, Orbscan II, Pentacam HR and IOLMaster 500.The Pentacam HR measured significantly greater ACD (p0.01) than the other two devices, whereas IOLMaster 500 and Orbscan II yielded comparable (p0.01) distances. Nonetheless, in every device comparison, the mean difference was within clinically…
Genome-Wide Association Studies of the PR Interval in African Americans.
2011
The PR interval on the electrocardiogram reflects atrial and atrioventricular nodal conduction time. The PR interval is heritable, provides important information about arrhythmia risk, and has been suggested to differ among human races. Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified common genetic determinants of the PR interval in individuals of European and Asian ancestry, but there is a general paucity of GWA studies in individuals of African ancestry. We performed GWA studies in African American individuals from four cohorts (n = 6,247) to identify genetic variants associated with PR interval duration. Genotyping was performed using the Affymetrix 6.0 microarray. Imputation was p…
Exploring the Enjoyment of Playing Browser Games
2009
Browser games--mostly persistent game worlds that can be used without client software and monetary cost with a Web browser--belong to the understudied digital game types, although they attract large player communities and motivate sustained play. The present work reports findings from an online survey of 8,203 players of a German strategy browser game ("Travian"). Results suggest that multiplayer browser games are enjoyed primarily because of the social relationships involved in game play and the specific time and flexibility characteristics ("easy-in, easy-out"). Competition, in contrast, seems to be less important for browser gamers than for users of other game types. Findings are discuss…
Interrelationships between dental occlusion and plantar arch
2011
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different jaw relationships on the plantar arch during gait.168 subjects, participating in this study, were distributed into two groups: a control (32 males and 52 females, ranging from 18 to 36 years of age) and a Temporomandibular joint disorders group (28 males and 56 females, ranging from 19 to 42 years of age). Five baropodometric variables were evaluated using a baropodometric platform: the mean load pressure on the plantar surface, the total surface of feet, forefoot vs rearfoot loading, forefoot vs rearfoot surface, and the percentage of body weight on each limb. The tests were performed in three dental occlusion conditions: man…
Exploring the switching of the focus of attention within working memory: A combined event-related potential and behavioral study.
2018
Abstract Working memory enables humans to maintain selected information for cognitive processes and ensures instant access to the memorized contents. Theories suggest that switching the focus of attention between items within working memory realizes the access. This is reflected in object-switching costs in response times when the item for the task processing is to be changed. Another correlate of attentional allocation in working memory is the P3a-component of the human event-related potential. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that switching of attention within working memory is a separable processing step. Participants completed a cued memory-updating task in which they were instr…
Using Augmented Reality to Treat Phobias
2005
Virtual reality (VR) is useful for treating several psychological problems, including phobias such as fear of flying, agoraphobia, claustrophobia, and phobia to insects and small animals. We believe that augmented reality (AR) could also be used to treat some psychological disorders. AR and VR share some advantages over traditional treatments. However, AR gives a greater feeling of presence (the sensation of being there) and reality judgment (judging an experience as real) than VR because the environment and the elements the patient uses to interact with the application are real. Moreover, in AR users see their own hands, feet, and so on, whereas VR only simulates this experience. With thes…
Accuracy between virtual surgical planning and actual outcomes in orthognathic surgery by iterative closest point algorithm and color maps: A retrosp…
2018
Background To evaluate the accuracy between actual outcomes and virtual surgical planning (VSP) in orthognathic surgery regarding the use of three-dimensional (3D) surface models for registration using iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm and generated color maps. Material and Methods Construction of planning and postoperative 3D models in STL files format (M0 and M1, respectively) from CBCT of 25 subjects who had been submitted to bimaxillary orthognathic surgery was performed. M0 and M1 were sent to Geomagic software in semi-automatic alignment surface mesh order of M0 and M1 for registration using ICP algorithm to calculate mean deviation (MD, MD+, MD-, SD) and root mean square (RMS –…