Search results for " Helium"
showing 10 items of 151 documents
Thermodynamics of computation and linear stability limits of superfluid refrigeration of a model computing array
2019
We analyze the stability of the temperature profile of an array of computing nanodevices refrigerated by flowing superfluid helium, under variations in temperature, computing rate, and barycentric velocity of helium. It turns out that if the variation in dissipated energy per bit with respect to temperature variations is higher than some critical values, proportional to the effective thermal conductivity of the array, then the steady-state temperature profiles become unstable and refrigeration efficiency is lost. Furthermore, a restriction on the maximum rate of variation in the local computation rate is found.
Origin of He and CO2 in the gas manifestations of Greece.
2018
In the period from 2004 to 2017, more than 350 samples of free and dissolved gases were collected along the whole Hellenic area. Some literature data have also been taken into consideration (Rizzo et al., 2016). Samples have been analysed for their chemical and isotope composition. The concentrations range from 0.10 to 3370 μmol/mol for He, 600 to 995,000 μmol/mol for N2, 0.60 to 915,000 μmol/mol for CH4 and 17 to 1,002,000 μmol/mol for CO2, whereas the isotope values range from 0.01 to 7.10 for R/RA and -29.91 to +6.00 for δ13C-CO2. Considering the R/RA and 4He/20Ne ratios the atmospheric, mantle and crustal contributions for He have been calculated (Sano and Wakita, 1985). The highest man…
A geochemical traverse along the “Sperchios Basin e Evoikos Gulf” graben (Central Greece): Origin and evolution of the emitted fluids
2014
The studied area is a 130 km long fast spreading graben in Central Greece. Its complex geodynamical setting includes both the presence of a subduction slab at depth responsible for the recent (Quaternary) volcanic activity in the area and the western termination of a tectonic lineament of regional importance (the North-Anatolian fault). A high geothermal gradient is made evident by the presence of many thermal springs with temperatures from 19 to 82 C, that discharge along the normal faults bordering the graben. In the period 2004e2012, 58 gas and 69 water samples were collected and their chemical and isotopic analysis revealed a wide range of compositions. Two main groups of thermal waters…
Dark matter, dark photon and superfluid He-4 from effective field theory
2020
We consider a model of sub-GeV dark matter whose interaction with the Standard Model is mediated by a new vector boson (the dark photon) which couples kinetically to the photon. We describe the possibility of constraining such a model using a superfluid He-4 detector, by means of an effective theory for the description of the superfluid phonon. We find that such a detector could provide bounds that are competitive with other direct detection experiments only for ultralight vector mediator, in agreement with previous studies. As a byproduct we also present, for the first time, the low-energy effective field theory for the interaction between photons and phonons.
Nonlinear Kelvin waves on a quantized vortex line in superfluid helium
2013
In this paper we show an exact solution (Kelvin wave) of an approximated dynamical equation for a quantized vortex line in helium superfluid at finite temperature. It is shown that the applied heat flux interacts with the vortex line, and the amplitude of the Kelvin wave can grow (the so-called Donnelly instability) or decrease according with the mutual direction between heat flux and wave vector.
Thermal nucleation of cavities in liquid helium at negative pressures
1993
We have investigated the nucleation rate at which cavities are formed in $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ at negative pressures due to thermal fluctuations. To this end, we have used a density functional that reproduces the He liquid-gas interface along the coexistence line. The inclusion of thermal effects in the calculation of the barrier against nucleation results in a sizable decrease of the absolute value of the tensile strength above 1.5 K.
Transition to superfluidity in liquid 4He
2012
In this work the transition from normal liquid helium I to superfluid liquid helium II, controlled by temperature and pressure, is studied in the simplified assumption of absence of viscosity. A macroscopic thermodynamical model is presented, which chooses as new independent fields the heat flux q and a phase field function f. For the heat flux a modification of Cattaneo equation is written, while for the function f a time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation is proposed.
Phase transition and lambda-line in liquid helium
2013
A hydrodynamical model describing the superfluid phase transition of 4He close to $\lambda$-line is presented. In the work, which generalizes a phase field model of lambda transition previously formulated by the same authors, the independent fields are the density, the temperature, the velocity, the heat flux and a scalar function $f$, linked to the modulus of the wave-function $\psi$, solution of the Ginzburg-Landau equation. In this framework, the heat flux is given by a modified Maxwell-Cattaneo equation. The restrictions on the constitutive quantities are obtained from the entropy principle, using the Liu method of Lagrange multipliers. A maximum theorem is proved that allows the model …
Functional MRI of the lung using hyperpolarized 3-helium gas
2004
Lung imaging has traditionally relied on x-ray methods, since proton MRI is limited to some extent by low proton density in the lung parenchyma and static field inhomogeneities in the chest. The relatively recent introduction of MRI of hyperpolarized noble gases has led to a rapidly evolving field of pulmonary MRI, revealing functional information of the lungs, which were hitherto unattainable. This review article briefly describes the physical background of the technology, and subsequently focuses on its clinical applications. Four different techniques that have been used in various human investigations are discussed: ventilation distribution, ventilation dynamics, and small airway evaluat…
Ultraschnelle MRT der Lungenventilation mittels hochpolarisiertem Helium-3*
2000
Objective Assessment of the temporal and spatial dynamics of hyperpolarized Helium-3 (3He) distribution in the lung with ultrafast gradient-echo magnetic-resonance imaging. Material and methods Coronal images of the lung were acquired using ultrafast gradient-echo pulse sequences with TR/TE = 3.3 ms/1.3 ms (slice thickness, 40 mm) and TR/TE = 2.0 ms/0.7 ms (without slice selection). A series of 80 or 160 projection images was obtained with 210 ms or 130 ms temporal resolution, respectively. Imaging was performed during several respiratory cycles after application of a single bolus of 300 mL hyperpolarized 3He. Measurements were performed in six healthy volunteers (spontaneous breathing). Re…