Search results for " Income"
showing 10 items of 340 documents
PERMANENT INCOME, CONVERGENCE AND INEQUALITY AMONG COUNTRIES
2008
The literature on inequality has generally focused on the analysis of annual per capita income. This paper adopts a different approach by considering the life-cycle dimension of inequality and convergence between economies from 1960 to 2000. We analyze the present value of the set of incomes individuals obtain throughout their whole life (permanent income). On the basis of this approach, various simulations are made to determine the effect on inequality in permanent income of variables such as survival rates and the long-run growth rates in current income. The results indicate that survival rates are an important source of inequality. Inequality in permanent income is about one third higher…
Tween Girls' Perception of Gender Roles and Gender Identities
2011
PurposeThe present study aims to examine girls' perception of gender roles and gender identities in Hong Kong.Design/methodology/approachA total of 16 girls aged 10 to 12 were asked to take pictures from the media that could illustrate “what girls or women should or should not be; and what girls or women should or should not do”. Qualitative interviews were conducted.FindingsAnalysis of interviews and images captured found that tween girls' perceived gender roles for females were based on a mixture of traditional and contemporary role models. Girls in Hong Kong demonstrated conservatism in sexuality. Sexy outlook and pre‐marital sexual relations were considered inappropriate. Tween girls sh…
The Regionalization of National Input–Output Tables: A Review of the Performance of Two Key Non-survey Methods
2018
This chapter reviews the available empirical evidence on the performance of Flegg’s location quotient (FLQ) and Kronenberg’s Cross-Hauling Adjusted Regionalization Method (CHARM), a relatively new non-survey technique that accounts explicitly for cross-hauling when constructing regional input–output tables. The performance of the FLQ and related formulae is evaluated using official data for 20 Finnish and 16 South Korean regions. The results confirm previous findings that the FLQ can produce far more accurate estimates of regional output multipliers than can simpler LQ-based formulae such as the SLQ and CILQ. We also explore possible ways of determining suitable values for the unknown param…
The Real Effects of Bank Branch Deregulation at Various Stages of Economic Development: The European Experience
2011
This paper provides evidence on the links between financial deregulation and economic performance in a European context. Specifically, we study the relaxation of bank branching restrictions in Spain which triggered off a remarkable inter-regional expansion of savings banks which was coincidental with an unprecedented period of sustained growth. Although related questions have been largely investigated for the US, the European experiences remain largely unexplored. An additional contribution is the use of quantile regression techniques which, unlike traditional OLS regression analysis, do not focus on the “average effect for the average province”. This change of focus helps to overcome the d…
OS ECJ-TF 2/2019 on the ECJ Decisions of 26 February 2019 in N Luxembourg I et al. (Joined Cases C-115/16, C-118/16, C-119/16 and C-299/16) and T Dan…
2019
This article deals with the decision taken by the Court of Justice of the European Union in of 26 February 2019 in N Luxembourg I et al. (Joined Cases C-115/16, C-118/16, C-119/16 and C-299/16) and T Danmark et al. (Joined Cases C-116/16 and C-117/17). The authors acknowledge that the "Danish beneficial ownership cases" address a number of important and timely issues, especially with regard to the concept of abuse under EU law. These include: (i) the expansion of the general anti-abuse principle enshrined in EU law to areas of tax law that are subject to minimal harmonization; (ii) the use of OECD materials to define the beneficial ownership concept; (iii) the conflation of the beneficial o…
Tax Performance Assessment in Scandinavian Countries
2015
Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate fiscal policy performance level in Nordic countries of Europe by quantifying the gap between their performance and an optimum benchmark value. In this study it was selected Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway. These countries occupy the first places in the ranking of countries with the highest rate of tax burden in Europe. The first part of paper contains general aspects of fiscal performance in international research and an overview of the Nordic tax systems model. The second part of paper focuses on evaluation of tax policy performance in these countries by using OptimTax scoring analysis. The research is based on a multivariate analysis instr…
The joint emergence of group competition and within-group cooperation
2015
Abstract Between-group conflict and within-group cooperation can be seen as two sides of the same coin, coevolving in a group-structured population. There is strong support for between-group competition facilitating the evolution of human cooperative tendencies, yet our understanding of how competition arises is less clear. We show that groups of randomly assembled individuals spontaneously engage in costly group competition, and that decisions promoting between-group conflict are associated with high levels of within-group cooperation. Remarkably, when groups were given the possibility to compete against other groups, net earnings for individuals were higher than when groups were not allow…
Nonlinearities in the Becker-Tomes-Solon model
2011
The aim of this paper is to explore nonlinearities in the relationship between parents and children earnings. We rst discuss a simple extension of the Becker-Tomes-Solon model accounting for nonlinearity. We then test the linearity of intergenerational transmission employing a set of 141 intergenerational mobility tables in 35 di erent countries at di erent time periods, and nd that linearity is rejected in 89 tables. We nally explore the correlation between the \strength of concavity" and income inequality. Our ndings suggest that more unequal societies tend to have a more concave intergenerational transmission process.
Integrated capital shares
2019
In empirical macroeconomics, inter-dependencies between countries are often analysed using cross-country correlations or graphical investigation of time series. This study shows that applying an alternative methodological approach - identification of common unobservable factors and using them as explanatory variables for country-specific time series - indicates a stronger cross-country integration of functional income distributions than the standard methods. The results vary only little between different samples, where both the country and year coverage change. Moreover, the main findings are not sensitive to the way capital depreciation is taken into account. The primary driving factor see…
A global perspective on effectiveness of aid for trade
2013
Recent global initiatives on debt relief and development assistance call for increasing aid for trade to the poorest countries. The paper applies a multi-country computable general equilibrium model to measure the effectiveness of alternative aid for trade categories. The findings show that aid for trade policies expand trade and alleviate international income inequalities in the recipient countries, that will benefit mainly from aid for trade adjustment and technical assistance.