Search results for " Mill."

Phenolic profiles of olive mill wastewaters treated by membrane filtration systems

2014

BACKGROUND Olive mill wastewater is an important by-product obtained after olive oil extraction. In this investigation, the phenolic composition of olive mill wastewater treated with a semi-industrial membrane filtration system, including ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis modules, was studied. In particular, untreated olive mill wastewater was compared with the permeate and the concentrate fractions of each filtration step. RESULTS 3,4-(dihydroxyphenyl) ethanol and p-(hydroxyphenyl) ethanol were the main compounds of all olive mill wastewater analyzed. A total of 32 compounds, detected at 240 or 280 nm by HPLC-DAD, were considered for phenol quantification. Ultrafiltration reduced phenol …

A new By-Product enriched in phenolic compounds, evaluated by UHPLC-HRMS, from olive mill wastewater

Trends of organochlorine compounds in Finnish inland waters

2001

Caged common lake mussels (Anodonta piscinalis) have been used in the monitoring of organochlorine compounds in pulp and paper mill recipient watercourses of Finland annually from 1984 to 1998. Statistically significant decreasing trends of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols originating from chlorobleaching were observed in all recipients in parallel with the decreasing discharges from the mills. Metabolites of chlorophenols, chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles had no or slightly increasing trends. Elevated PCB concentrations were measured in four watercourses. In two areas, PCBs were found to be significantly increasing, in two other cases they showed no trend. A mill producing recycled pap…

Refractory organic pollutants and toxicity in pulp and paper mill wastewaters

2015

This review describes medium and high molecular weight organic material found in wastewaters from pulp and paper industry. The aim is to review the versatile pollutants and the analysis methods for their determination. Among other pollutants, biocides, extractives, and lignin-derived compounds are major contributors to harmful effects, such as toxicity, of industrial wastewaters. Toxicity of wastewaters from pulp and paper mills is briefly evaluated including the methods for toxicity analyses. Traditionally, wastewater purification includes mechanical treatment followed by chemical and/or biological treatment processes. A variety of methods are available for the purification of industrial w…

Immunoreactivity of Roach,Rutilus rutilus,Following Laboratory Exposure to Bleached Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents

1998

Abstract In order to study immunomodulation, controlled laboratory experiments were carried out with roach ( Rutilus rutilus ) exposed to bleached kraft mill effluent (BKME) or spent bleach liquor (SBL) from two pulp and paper mills using elementary chlorine and chlorine dioxide for bleaching. The total number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC) and the number of specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC) were determined by ELISPOT assay. Exposure to BKME resulted in decreased numbers of ISC in the spleen. To study the capability of response against foreign antigens the fish were immunized with bovine γ-globulin. Exposure to BKME or SBL reduced antigen-specific ASC response in fish. Moreov…

Identification of lipophilic pollutants discharged from a Finnish pulp and paper mill.

1998

Lipophilic organic compounds originating from kraft pulping and papermaking were identified by straight gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses. Samples analyzed included a primary clarifier effluent (PE) and a secondary clarifier effluent (SE) from the activated sludge treatment plant of a Finnish ECF-bleached (Elementally Chlorine Free) kraft pulp and paper mill. Liquid-liquid extraction composition of PE was compared with solid phase extraction (SPE) and dialysis of a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) exposed to PE. Dichloromethane extracts of particulate material isolated from PE, sludges from both the primary and secondary clarifier, a sediment collected in the vicinit…

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill primary sludge and co-digestion of primary and secondary sludge

2012

Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill primary sludge and co-digestion of primary and secondary sludge were studied for the first time in semi-continuously fed continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR) in thermophilic conditions. Additionally, in batch experiments, methane potentials of 210 and 230 m³CH₄/t volatile solids (VS)(added) were obtained for primary, and 50 and 100 m³CH₄/tVS(added) for secondary sludge at 35 °C and 55 °C, respectively. Anaerobic digestion of primary sludge was shown to be feasible with organic loading rates (OLR) of 1-1.4 kgVS/m³d and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 16-32 d resulting in methane yields of 190-240 m³CH₄/tVS(fed). Also the highest tested OLR o…

Dissolution of resin acids, retene and wood sterols from contaminated lake sediments.

2005

The dissolution potency of hydrophobic resin acids (RAs), retene and wood sterols from sediments was studied. These wood extractives and their metabolites are sorbed from pulp and paper mill effluents to downstream sediments. With harmful components like these, sediments can pose a hazard to the aquatic environment. Therefore, sediment elutriates with water were produced under variable conditions (agitation rate and efficiency, time), and concentrations of the dissoluted compounds were analyzed. Both naturally contaminated field sediments and artificially spiked sediments were studied. By vigorous agitation RAs can be released fast from the sediment matrix and equilibrium reached within 3 d…

Do historical sediments of pulp and paper industry contribute to the exposure of fish caged in receiving waters?

2011

Field experiments were conducted in early summer 2004 by caging brown trout (Salmo trutta m. lacustris) in Southern Lake Saimaa (SE Finland) for 10 days. Cages were positioned into two depths at four distances (5 to 17 km) from the pulp and paper mill; one set with direct contact to the sediment and other locating at the three meters' depth from the water surface. Resin acids were measured from sediment, water, and fish bile. Possible toxicities were investigated by measuring liver EROD-activity, HSP70-protein, and gene expression profiles by microarray. The concentration of resin acids in the sediment showed clear gradient along the distance from the mill, and their concentrations in water…

Heat shock protein Hsp70 expression and DNA damage in Baikalian sponges exposed to model pollutants and wastewater from Baikalsk Pulp and Paper Plant

2002

Abstract Lake Baikal, a unique habitat for a great number of endemic species, is the largest freshwater reservoir in the world which is still largely unaffected by anthropogenic pollution, except for some shore regions with industrial activity. The expressions of a biomarker of exposure (heat shock protein Hsp70) and a biomarker of effect (DNA single-strand breaks) were measured for the first time in endemic Baikalian sponge species (Baikalospongia intermedia, Lubomirskia fusifera, and Lubomirskia abietina). Tissue cubes of B. intermedia and dissociated cells of L. fusifera and L. abietina reacted to temperature stress (10–16 °C above ambient temperature) with a time-dependent increase in e…