Search results for " Normal"
showing 10 items of 336 documents
Transtensional/extensional fault activity from the Mesozoic rifting to Tertiary chain building in Northern Sicily (Central Mediterranean)
2005
Extensional structures of different ages characterize the Sicilian fold-and-thrust belt. Normal faults ranging in geometry from stepped to listric and formed in different geodynamic settings significantly controlled the pattern of syn-tectonic deposits. Since Mesozoic times Sicily has experienced deformation related to the opening of the Tethys Ocean. Between the Upper Triassic and the Cretaceous normal, strike- and oblique-slip faults, developed in northern Sicily, in the framework of a transtensional deformation regime induced by the oblique rifting of the African and European continental passive margins. Since Tertiary times a reversal in the general relative plate motion induced converg…
Prices and Pareto optima
2006
We provide necessary conditions for Pareto optimum in economies where tastes or technologies may be nonconvex, nonsmooth, and affected by externalities. Firms can pursue own objectives, much like the consumers. Infinite-dimensional commodity spaces are accommodated. Public goods and material balances are accounted for as special instances of linear restrictions.
Comparing Correlation Matrix Estimators Via Kullback-Leibler Divergence
2011
We use a self-averaging measure called Kullback-Leibler divergence to evaluate the performance of four different correlation estimators: Fourier, Pearson, Maximum Likelihood and Hayashi-Yoshida estimator. The study uses simulated transaction prices for a large number of stocks and different data generating mechanisms, including synchronous and non-synchronous transactions, homogeneous and heterogeneous inter-transaction time. Different distributions of stock returns, i.e. multivariate Normal and multivariate Student's t-distribution, are also considered. We show that Fourier and Pearson estimators are equivalent proxies of the `true' correlation matrix within all the settings under analysis…
All-atom simulations disentangle the functional dynamics underlying gene maturation in the intron lariat spliceosome
2018
The spliceosome (SPL) is a majestic macromolecular machinery composed of five small nuclear RNAs and hundreds of proteins. SPL removes noncoding introns from precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) and ligates coding exons, giving rise to functional mRNAs. Building on the first SPL structure solved at near–atomic-level resolution, here we elucidate the functional dynamics of the intron lariat spliceosome (ILS) complex through multi-microsecond-long molecular-dynamics simulations of ∼1,000,000 atoms models. The ILS essential dynamics unveils (i) the leading role of the Spp42 protein, which heads the gene maturation by tuning the motions of distinct SPL components, and (ii) the critical particip…
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEVERAL MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS TOOLS FOR MANAGEMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
2007
Over the past several decades, environmental decision-making strategies have evolved into increasingly more sophisticated, information-intensive, and complexapproaches including expert judgment, cost-benefit analysis, toxicological risk assessment, comparative risk assessment, and a number of methods forincorporating public and stakeholder values. This evolution has led to an improved array of decision-making aids, including the development of Multi-CriteriaDecision Analysis (MCDA) tools that offer a scientifically sound decision analytical framework. The existence of different MCDA methods and the availability of corresponding software contribute to the possibility of practical implementat…
Multivariate nonparametric tests in a randomized complete block design
2003
AbstractIn this paper multivariate extensions of the Friedman and Page tests for the comparison of several treatments are introduced. Related unadjusted and adjusted treatment effect estimates for the multivariate response variable are also found and their properties discussed. The test statistics and estimates are analogous to the traditional univariate methods. In test constructions, the univariate ranks are replaced by multivariate spatial ranks (J. Nonparam. Statist. 5 (1995) 201). Asymptotic theory is developed to provide approximations for the limiting distributions of the test statistics and estimates. Limiting efficiencies of the tests and treatment effect estimates are found in the…
Embedding Quantum into Classical: Contextualization vs Conditionalization
2014
We compare two approaches to embedding joint distributions of random variables recorded under different conditions (such as spins of entangled particles for different settings) into the framework of classical, Kolmogorovian probability theory. In the contextualization approach each random variable is "automatically" labeled by all conditions under which it is recorded, and the random variables across a set of mutually exclusive conditions are probabilistically coupled (imposed a joint distribution upon). Analysis of all possible probabilistic couplings for a given set of random variables allows one to characterize various relations between their separate distributions (such as Bell-type ine…
Second-order interaction in a Trivariate Generalized Gamma Distribution
2004
The concept of second- (and higher-) order interaction is widely used in categorical data analysis, where it proves useful for explaining the interdependence among three (or more) variables. Its use seems to be less common for continuous multivariate distributions, most likely owing to the predominant role of the Multivariate Normal distribution, for which any interaction involving more than two variables is necessarily zero. In this paper we explore the usefulness of a second-order interaction measure for studying the interdependence among three continuous random variables, by applying it to a trivariate Generalized Gamma distribution proposed by Bologna(2000).
On Mardia’s Tests of Multinormality
2004
Classical multivariate analysis is based on the assumption that the data come from a multivariate normal distribution. The tests of multinormality have therefore received very much attention. Several tests for assessing multinormality, among them Mardia’s popular multivariate skewness and kurtosis statistics, are based on standardized third and fourth moments. In Mardia’s construction of the affine invariant test statistics, the data vectors are first standardized using the sample mean vector and the sample covariance matrix. In this paper we investigate whether, in the test construction, it is advantageous to replace the regular sample mean vector and sample covariance matrix by their affi…
Statistical Techniques for Validation of Simulation and Analytic Stochastic Models
2014
In this paper, we consider the problem of statistical validation of multivariate stationary response simulation and analytic stochastic models of observed systems (say, transportation or service systems), which have p response variables. The problem is reduced to testing the equality of the mean vectors for two multivariate normal populations. Without assuming equality of the covariance matrices, it is referred to as the Behrens–Fisher problem. The main purpose of this paper is to bring to the attention of applied researchers the satisfactory tests that can be used for testing the equality of two normal mean vectors when the population covariance matrices are unknown and arbitrary. To illus…