Search results for " Probability"

Multi-objective Optimization for Computation Offloading in Fog Computing

2018

Fog computing system is an emergent architecture for providing computing, storage, control, and networking capabilities for realizing Internet of Things. In the fog computing system, the mobile devices (MDs) can offload its data or computational expensive tasks to the fog node within its proximity, instead of distant cloud. Although offloading can reduce energy consumption at the MDs, it may also incur a larger execution delay including transmission time between the MDs and the fog/cloud servers, and waiting and execution time at the servers. Therefore, how to balance the energy consumption and delay performance is of research importance. Moreover, based on the energy consumption and delay,…

Explaining local governments' cost efficiency: Controllable and uncontrollable factors

2020

Abstract Efficient and effective management of public resources is essential at all levels of government. This issue has gained momentum due to the strains that affected public sector finances after the onset of the 2007/08 crisis in many countries, particularly in Europe. In this article, we evaluate the influence of environmental variables that affect local government efficiency in one European country, Spain, during the crisis years (2009–2015). To this end, and considering the possible influence of both controllable and uncontrollable factors, we use an approach that is able to analyse their impact across the conditional distribution of performance, and which controls for the (likely) e…

Applications of Microlocal Analysis in Inverse Problems

2020

This note reviews certain classical applications of microlocal analysis in inverse problems. The text is based on lecture notes for a postgraduate level minicourse on applications of microlocal analysis in inverse problems, given in Helsinki and Shanghai in June 2019.

Trend of inter-arrival times of rainfall events for Italian Sub-Alpine and Mediterranean areas

2011

Differences between students' PISA reading literacy scores and grading for mother tongue and literature at school : A geostatistical analysis of the …

2016

In Finland, the national Core Curriculum for Basic Education defines the learning objectives along with the numerical grade to be given for good competence in each school subject in the final phase of basic education. While serving as a guideline for schools and teachers, it should also ensure an objective evaluation of all students in Finland. In this paper, we take a closer look at the equality of student assessment in Finland in the light of student performance in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009. This study investigates the relationship between the grades given to students in mother tongue and literature at different schools and the same students’ reading l…

Computational aspects in checking of coherence and propagation of conditional probability bounds

2000

In this paper we consider the problem of reducing the computational difficulties in g-coherence checking and propagation of imprecise conditional probability assessments. We review some theoretical results related with the linear structure of the random gain in the betting criterion. Then, we propose a modi ed version of two existing algorithms, used for g-coherence checking and propagation, which are based on linear systems with a reduced number of unknowns. The reduction in the number of unknowns is obtained by an iterative algorithm. Finally, to illustrate our procedure we give some applications.

Algorithms for coherence checking and propagation of conditional probability bounds

2001

In this paper, we propose some algorithms for the checking of generalized coherence (g-coherence) and for the extension of imprecise conditional probability assessments. Our concept of g-coherence is a generalization of de Finetti’s coherence principle and is equivalent to the ”avoiding uniform loss” property for lower and upper probabilities (a la Walley). By our algorithms we can check the g-coherence of a given imprecise assessment and we can correct it in order to obtain the associated coherent assessment (in the sense of Walley and Williams). Exploiting some properties of the random gain we show how, in the linear systems involved in our algorithms, we can work with a reduced set of va…

Riskien havainnollistamisohjelmisto RiskDemo

2018

RiskDemo on vapaasti käytettävä ohjelmistotyökalu, joka on tarkoitettu havainnollistamaan riskejä todennäköisyyslaskennan ja tilastotieteen näkökulmasta. Ohjelmalla voidaan havainnollistaa riskejä monenlaisten graafisten esitysten, taulukoiden ja riskilukujen avulla. Tällä hetkellä sillä voidaan havainnollistaa demografiaa, korko- ja osakesijoittamista sekä klassista vararikkoteoriaa. Tässä artikkelissa esitellään RiskDemo-ohjelmiston ominaisuudet ja opastetaan sen käyttämiseen riskien havainnollistamisessa. Lukija voi RiskDemon avulla tutustua moniin riskienhallinnan avainkäsitteisiin havainnollisessa ja konkreettisessa muodossa. peerReviewed

On overall sampling plan for small area estimation

2017

The time and budget restrictions in survey sampling can impose limits on the area sample sizes. This may reduce the possibility to obtain area-specific and population parameters estimates with adequate precision. Market research companies and institutes for producing official statistics face frequently this problem. Various models and methods for small area estimation (SAE) have been developed to solve this problem. The sample allocation must support the selected model and method to ensure efficient estimation and must be implemented in the design phase of the survey. The proposed allocation is developed by incorporating auxiliary information, a model, and an estimation method. The estimate…

The Joint Distribution Criterion and the Distance Tests for Selective Probabilistic Causality

2010

A general definition and a criterion (a necessary and sufficient condition) are formulated for an arbitrary set of external factors to selectively influence a corresponding set of random entities (generalized random variables, with values in arbitrary observation spaces), jointly distributed at every treatment (a set of factor values containing precisely one value of each factor). The random entities are selectively influenced by the corresponding factors if and only if the following condition, called the joint distribution criterion, is satisfied : there is a jointly distributed set of random entities, one entity for every value of every factor, such that every subset of this set that corr…