Search results for " Reason"
showing 10 items of 465 documents
Dual types of hypotheses in inductive inference
2006
Several well-known inductive inference strategies change the actual hypothesis only when they discover that it “provably misclassifies” an example seen so far. This notion is made mathematically precise and its general power is characterized. In spite of its strength it is shown that this approach is not of “universal” power. Consequently, then hypotheses are considered which “unprovably misclassify” examples and the properties of this approach are studied. Among others it turns out that this type is of the same power as monotonic identification. Finally, it is shown that “universal” power can be achieved only when an unbounded number of alternations of these dual types of hypotheses is all…
Toward a Unified Model of Information Security Policy Compliance
2018
Information systems security (ISS) behavioral research has produced different models to explain security policy compliance. This paper (1) reviews 11 theories that have served the majority of previous information security behavior models, (2) empirically compares these theories (Study 1), (3) proposes a unified model, called the unified model of information security policy compliance (UMISPC), which integrates elements across these extant theories, and (4) empirically tests the UMISPC in a new study (Study 2), which provided preliminary empirical support for the model. The 11 theories reviewed are (1) the theory of reasoned action, (2) neutralization techniques, (3) the health belief model,…
Domain-specific knowledge representation and inference engine for an intelligent tutoring system
2013
One of the most challenging steps in learning algebra is the translation of word problems into symbolic notation. This paper describes an Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) that focuses on this stage of the problem solving process. On the one hand, a domain specific inference engine and a knowledge representation mechanism are proposed. These are based on a description language based on hypergraphs, and the idea of using conceptual schemes to represent the student's knowledge. As a result, the system is able to simultaneously: (a) represent all potential algebraic solutions to a given word problem; (b) keep track of the student's actions; (c) univocally determine the current state of the res…
Automated Creation of Expert Systems with the InteKRator Toolbox
2021
Expert systems have a long tradition in both medical informatics and artificial intelligence research. Traditionally, such systems are created by implementing knowledge provided by experts in a system that can be queried for answers. To automatically generate such knowledge directly from data, the lightweight InteKRator toolbox will be introduced here, which combines knowledge representation and machine learning approaches. The learned knowledge is represented in the form of rules with exceptions that can be inspected and that are easily comprehensible. An inference module allows for the efficient answering of queries, while at the same time offering the possibility of providing explanation…
A Semantic Layer on Semi-structured Data Sources for Intuitive Chatbots
2009
The main limits of chatbot technology are related to the building of their knowledge representation and to their rigid information retrieval and dialogue capabilities, usually based on simple "pattern matching rules". The analysis of distributional properties of words in a texts corpus allows the creation of semantic spaces where represent and compare natural language elements. This space can be interpreted as a "conceptual" space where the axes represent the latent primitive concepts of the analyzed corpus. The presented work aims at exploiting the properties of a data-driven semantic/conceptual space built using semi-structured data sources freely available on the web, like Wikipedia. Thi…
Enriching Didactic Similarity Measures of Concept Maps by a Deep Learning Based Approach
2021
Concept maps are significant tools able to support several tasks in the educational area such as curriculum design, knowledge organization and modeling, students' assessment and many others. They are also successfully used in learning activities in which students have to represent domain knowledge according to teacher's assignment. In this context, the development of Learning Analytics approaches would benefit of methods that automatically compare concept maps. Detecting concept maps similarities is relevant to identify how the same concepts are used in different knowledge representations. Algorithms for comparing graphs have been extensively studied in the literature, but they do not appea…
FrameNet CNL: A Knowledge Representation and Information Extraction Language
2014
The paper presents a FrameNet-based information extraction and knowledge representation framework, called FrameNet-CNL. The framework is used on natural language documents and represents the extracted knowledge in a tailor-made Frame-ontology from which unambiguous FrameNet-CNL paraphrase text can be generated automatically in multiple languages. This approach brings together the fields of information extraction and CNL, because a source text can be considered belonging to FrameNet-CNL, if information extraction parser produces the correct knowledge representation as a result. We describe a state-of-the-art information extraction parser used by a national news agency and speculate that Fram…
Combining OWL Ontologies Using -Connections
2006
The standardization of the Web Ontology Language, OWL, leaves (at least) two crucial issues for Web-based ontologies unsatisfactorily resolved, namely how to represent and reason with multiple distinct, but linked ontologies, and how to enable effective knowledge reuse and sharing on the Semantic Web. In this paper, we present a solution for these fundamental problems based on ℇ-Connections. We aim to use ℇ-Connections to provide modelers with suitable means for developing Web ontologies in a modular way and to provide an alternative to the owl:imports construct. With such motivation, we present in this paper a syntactic and semantic extension of the Web Ontology language that covers ℇ-Conn…
Learning high-level manipulative tasks through imitation
2006
This paper presents ConSCIS, Conceptual Space based Cognitive Imitation System, which tightly links low-level data processing with knowledge representation in the context of robot imitation. Our focus is on the program-level imitation: we are interested in the final effects of actions on objects, and not on the particular kinematic or dynamic properties of the motion. The same architecture is used both to analyze and represent the task to be imitated, and to perform the imitation by generalizing in novel and different circumstances. The implemented experimental scenario is a two dimensional world populated with various objects in which observation/imitation takes place. To validate our appr…
Towards efficient inductive synthesis of expressions from input/output examples
1993
Our goal through several years has been the development of efficient search algorithm for inductive inference of expressions using only input/output examples. The idea is to avoid exhaustive search by means of taking full advantage of semantic equality of many considered expressions. This might be the way that people avoid too big search when finding proof strategies for theorems, etc. As a formal model for the development of the method we use arithmetic expressions over the domain of natural numbers. A new approach for using weights associated with the functional symbols for restricting search space is considered. This allows adding constraints like the frequency of particular symbols in t…