Search results for " Reason"
showing 10 items of 465 documents
An Overview of the Fuzzy Calculi
2022
What has been discussed up to now allows us to assume that the roots of fuzzy sets are in Language and, thus, that Fuzzy Logic deals with both Language and Commonsense Reasoning. Fuzzy Logic’s main goal is the representation of statements whose meaning is not precise, but it can as well capture the case in which statements are precise.
Looking for Some Historical Roots
2022
Knowledge comes from the observation that what surrounds us is provoked by the questions people poses when thinking on it; is reachecorrespondingd thanks to reasoning, and usually through establishing hypotheses and further testing them and their consequences against the reality. Speculation lays at the basic level of both ‘thinking on it’, and ‘establishing and testing hypotheses’.
Context, Inference’s Safety, Proving and Further Comments
2022
In no way does this Chap. 2 try to reach definitive conclusions. It is just a preliminary inquiry, containing no more than some initial reflections made basing Commonsense Reasoning on perception. Specifically, on the possibilities that measurable meaning and Indistinguishability Operators offer for its study. Human beings are slave of their senses that, usually, do not distinguish things below some threshold.
Trying to Pose the Main Problem: Measurable Meaning
2022
We have shown the necessity to reconsider the concept of ‘meaning’. In this framework ‘meaning’ should be a situational concept requiring to be bounded by specific definitions rendering it applicable to our needs. Membership functions should as well be seen as ‘measures’ of meaning, which would give them a meaning as well.
Introduction
2022
‘Natural Reasoning’, that with which lay people decide their daily actions, also called Ordinary, Everyday, or Commonsense Reasoning, can be seen as ruled by the universal laws defining its formal ‘skeleton’.
Examples on the Analysis of Statements Trough Design
2022
The first example concerns the analysis of two statements on which very few things are known, with the goal of establishing which one is truer, and what should be previously known in order to capture their respective meanings.
A phenomenological study about the effect of Covid-19 pandemic on teachers' use of teaching resources about reasoning & proving in mathematics
2022
If we study the history of societies, we can find several pandemic events such as smallpox, cholera, plague, and SARS [1, 2]. Each one of these pandemics events af fected human life in many aspects from health to the economic sphere [3], education is one of these aspects. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (Covid-19) has had a massive impact on Education: many students of different countries have been affected by school and university closures due to the Covid-19. Italy was the first Western coun try to suffer a coronavirus emergency
Connexive Logic, Probabilistic Default Reasoning, and Compound Conditionals
2023
We present two approaches to investigate the validity of connexive principles and related formulas and properties within coherence-based probability logic. Connexive logic emerged from the intuition that conditionals of the form if not-A, then A, should not hold, since the conditional’s antecedent not-A contradicts its consequent A. Our approaches cover this intuition by observing that the only coherent probability assessment on the conditional event A | not-A is p(A | not-A) = 0. In the first approach we investigate connexive principles within coherence-based probabilistic default reasoning, by interpreting defaults and negated defaults in terms of suitable probabilistic constraints on con…
Logical Operations among Conditional Events: theoretical aspects and applications
2019
We generalize the notions of conjunction and disjunction of two conditional events to the case of $n$ conditional events. These notions are defined, in the setting of coherence, by means of suitable conditional random quantities with values in the interval $[0,1]$. We also define the notion of negation, by verifying De Morgan's Laws. Then, we give some results on coherence of prevision assessments for some families of compounded conditionals and we show that some well known properties which are satisfied by conjunctions and disjunctions of unconditional events are also satisfied by conjunctions and disjunction of conditional events. We also examine in detail the coherence of the prevision a…
Probabilistic inference and syllogisms
2014
Traditionally, syllogisms are arguments with two premises and one conclusion which are constructed by propositions of the form “All S are P ” and “At least one S is P ” and their respective negated versions. We will discuss probabilistic notions of the existential import and the basic sentences type. We will develop an intuitively plausible version of the syllogisms that is able to deal with uncertainty, exceptions and nonmonotonicity. We will develop a new semantics for categorical syllogisms that is based on subjective probability. Specifically, we propose de Finetti’s principle of coherence and its generalization to lower and upper conditional probabilities as the fundamental corner ston…