Search results for " TRISSOLCUS BASALIS"

How can two competing egg parasitoid species coexist in a host patch?

2013

Interspecific competitions among parasitoids can affect community structures, and, as a consequence at applicative level, biological control programs. For example, competitions can cause local displacement of inferior species or niche separation. However, the coexistence of species attacking the same host is possible when they adopt different strategies to exploit the resource. In this work we evaluated in field and semi-field conditions intraguild interactions between two egg parasitoids, Trissolcus basalis and Ooencyrtus telenomicida exploring egg masses of Nezara viridula. In semi-field trials, pepper plants were covered with mesh net creating small cages with five plants inside. In each…

Leaf epicuticular waxes effects egg parasitoid’s response to host adult footprint contact kairomone

2009

Chemical footprints left behind by true bugs are perceived as a contact kairomones by scelionid egg parasitoids. In the system Nezara viridula and its egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis, previous studies have shown that the kairomone mediating such behavior is part of N. viridula’s cuticular hydrocarbons. In this study, the effect of epicuticular waxes of leaves of broad bean, Vicia faba, on wasp response to footprints of N. viridula females are investigated. Plants with intact waxes layer were used (1) without host chemical contamination, or (2) contaminated by host female footprints. Mechanically de-waxed plants were tested (3) without host chemical contamination, or (4) de-waxed a few min…

Plant surface mediates interaction between true bug chemical footprints and scelionid egg parasitoids

2009

Chemical footprints left behind by true bugs act as contact kairomones inducing an arrestment response in scelionid egg parasitoids. Once in contact with contaminated substrates, female wasps display a characteristic arrestment posture followed by an increase of the host searching time. Previous studies were conducted on artificial substrates as filter papers, so that little is known about the effects of natural substrates on behavioural response by wasps. In field, the substrate where these interactions occur, i.e. the surface of plants, is covered by wax layers that can have a role in trophic interactions between insects. In this study, we investigated the influence of plant surfaces on a…

I semiochimici utilizzati nella localizzazione dell’ospite da parte del parassitoide oofago Ooencyrtus telenomicida

2009

Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) è un parassitoide oofago di Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) di origine paleartica frequentemente diffuso in Sicilia. Scopo del presente lavoro è stato quello di investigare il processo di localizzazione dell’ospite nel sistema tritrofico Solanum lycopersicum L. – N. viridula – O. telenomicida. In particolare sono stati condotti esperimenti in olfattometro a Y, per valutare il ruolo attrattivo dei composti volatili emessi sia dalle piante, sia dagli adulti della cimice verde, e in arena aperta, per biosaggiare. la risposta delle femmine del parassitoide alle tracce lasciate sul substrato dagli adulti di N. viridul…

Gli stimoli chimici indiretti dell'ospite nel processo di localizzazione da parte degli oofagi: conviene sintonizzarsi?

2008

Tra gli stimoli indiretti che un parassitoide può utilizzare per ritrovare l'ospite, particolare importanze rivestono per i parassitoidi oofagi le tracce chimiche depositate dai Pentatomidi mentre si muovono su un substrato. Questo segnale chimico induce nelle femmine del parassitoide un comportamento di arresto che ne delimita la ricerca e ne aumenta le possibilità di ritrovamento delle uova. Nel sistema Murgantia histrionica (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) - Trissolcus brochymenae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) si è voluto verificare se lo stato fisiologico dell’ospite influenza lo sfruttamento delle tracce da parte del parassitoide. I biosaggi sono stati condotti in arena aperta, e registrati me…

Semiochemical exploitation by two egg parasitoids,Trissolcus basalis and Trissolcus brochymenae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae)

Chemo-orientation in egg parasitoids, a self-controlled movement in time and space, is led by volatile or substrate-borne chemicals distribution in the environment for purposes of locating host, food, mates and other resources. The perception of these chemical stimuli can be either from a distance by exploiting long-range infochemicals in the case of volatile chemoreception and/or upon contact with the cues when wasps are relatively close to the host in the case of contact chemo-reception by perceiving short-range infochemicals. In the present thesis, two different examples of chemo-orientation were treated. The first is an olfactory chemo-reception concerning Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston)…

Outcomes of intraguild interactions between two egg parasitoids in field and semi-field conditions

2012

Intraguild interactions between two egg parasitoids, Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) and Ooencyrtus telenomicida (Vassiliev) exploring egg masses of the Southern Green Stink Bug Nezara viridula (L.) were investigated in field and semi-field conditions. Field trials were conducted in tomato fields by using sentinel and naturally laid egg masses in 2010 and 2011. Egg parasitoids monitoring, by sentinel egg masses placed weekly on plants during the tomato growing season and recollected one week later, showed that T. basalis occurs from June to October, whereas O. telenomicida occurs mainly in July and August. In the same fields, collections of naturally laid egg masses display different types o…

Effect of dual biotic stress on plant volatile synomones used by egg parasitoids

2014

Studies on semiochemical communication have demonstrated that broad bean plant, Vicia faba, emits volatile synomones induced by feeding and oviposition activities of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula, which recruit the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis. However plants growing in agro-ecosystems can be attacked by several herbivore species that could affect both above and belowground plant tissues with possible consequences for parasitoid recruitment. For example, broad bean plants can also be attacked by the leaf weevil, Sitona lineatus, and simultaneous attacks by the southern green stink bug and the leaf weevil can occur in agro- ecosystems. The purpose of this work was to inv…

Sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin on walking behaviour and response to host kairomone of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis.

2002

The lethal doses of the pyrethroid deltamethrin were estimated for the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), and the sub-lethal effects of an LD25 on female walking behaviour were evaluated. Linear speed of treated parasitoids was reduced compared with that of untreated ones for a period of up to 24 h. The sub-lethal effects of deltamethrin on parasitoid response to patches contaminated by a contact kairomone from its host, Nezara viridula L (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), was also evaluated. Both treated and untreated parasitoids responded to host-contaminated patches by increasing residence time and decreasing linear speed. However, treated females showed …

L’orientamento guidato da semiochimici di contatto in imenotteri parassitoidi

2009

Il Chemio-orientamento negli imenotteri parassitoidi e più genericamente negli insetti, si manifesta con movimenti nel tempo e nello spazio guidati da informazioni chimiche a differente grado di volatilità. Nel caso dei semiochimici di contatto, la ricezione è affidata a sensilli gustativi uni e multiporo e si manifesta con un periodo di immobilità, durante il quale le antenne vengono mantenute aderenti alla superficie esaminata. Successivamente si possono, generalmente, distinguere due tipi di comportamento: ricerca random e ricerca direzionale. La ricerca random è caratterizzata da un decremento della velocità lineare di locomozione e da un incremento della velocità angolare, in tal modo …