Search results for " causality"
showing 10 items of 109 documents
Cities, hinterlands and agglomeration shadows: spatial developments in Finland over 1880-2004
2011
This paper analyzes long-term spatial developments in Finland by focusing on two predictions of the new economic geography (NEG) models, the increasing persistence of locational patterns and the emerging agglomeration shadow, i.e. the rising dominance of growth centers. Pre- and post-war periods are distinguished to roughly express the shift from an agriculture-based economy to a post-industrial country. The analyses base on the assumption that each of the 19 Finnish regions has a center of its own and the rest of the region forms its local hinterland. The empirical analysis is based on regional population data from 1880 to 2004 at decade intervals. First, to analyze the persistence of loca…
Air Transportation and Regional Growth: Which Way Does the Causality Run?
2013
The role of airports has become increasingly important with globalization. To have a regional airport is an especially important asset for retaining companies in the region as well as attracting new economic activity to the region. A well-developed transport infrastructure can be seen as a facilitator that allows the economic potential of a region to be realized. The provision of transportation does not, however, automatically lead to economic growth. It may also be the other way round: economic development leads to the better transport infrastructure and accessibility, stressing demand side elements. This paper aims to shed further light on the relationship between regional airports and ec…
Causalities between CO2, electricity, and other energy variables during phase I and phase II of the EU ETS
2010
The topic of this article is the analysis of the interplay between daily carbon, electricity and gas price data with the European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) for CO2 emissions. In a first step we have performed Granger causality tests for Phase I of the EU ETS (January 2005 until December 2007) and the first year of Phase II of the EU ETS (2008). The analysis includes both spot and forward markets—given the close interactions between the two sets of markets. The results show that during Phase I coal and gas prices, through the clean dark and spark spread, impacted CO2 futures prices, which in return Granger caused electricity prices. During the first year of the Phase II, the sho…
Granger Causality Analysis of Transient Calcium Dynamics in the Honey Bee Antennal Lobe Network
2023
Odorant processing presents multiple parallels across animal species, and insects became relevant models for the study of olfactory coding because of the tractability of the underlying neural circuits. Within the insect brain, odorants are received by olfactory sensory neurons and processed by the antennal lobe network. Such a network comprises multiple nodes, named glomeruli, that receive sensory information and are interconnected by local interneurons participating in shaping the neural representation of an odorant. The study of functional connectivity between the nodes of a sensory network in vivo is a challenging task that requires simultaneous recording from multiple nodes at high temp…
Information Decomposition in Bivariate Systems: Theory and Application to Cardiorespiratory Dynamics
2015
In the framework of information dynamics, the temporal evolution of coupled systems can be studied by decomposing the predictive information about an assigned target system into amounts quantifying the information stored inside the system and the information transferred to it. While information storage and transfer are computed through the known self-entropy (SE) and transfer entropy (TE), an alternative decomposition evidences the so-called cross entropy (CE) and conditional SE (cSE), quantifying the cross information and internal information of the target system, respectively. This study presents a thorough evaluation of SE, TE, CE and cSE as quantities related to the causal statistical s…
A portable multisensor system to assess cardiorespiratory interactions through photoplethysmography
2022
Nowadays, the ever-growing interest to health and quality of life of individuals and the advancements in electronic devices technology are pushing the development of portable and wearable biomedical devices able to pursue a minimally invasive monitoring of physiological parameters in daily-life conditions. Such devices can now carry out a real-time assessment of the subjects’ overall health status and possibly even detect ongoing diseases. In this context, we have designed and implemented a multisensor portable system able to perform synchronous real-time acquisitions of electrocardiographic (ECG), photoplethysmographic (PPG) and airflow breathing signals. We investigated cardiorespiratory …
SOME POINTS OF VIEW REGARDING THE DEFINITIONS OF THE CONCEPTS OF EXPLANATION, UNDERSTANDING AND CAUSALITY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
2015
Not every description of our subjective representations of the reality necessarily generates knowledge about the truths of the moment. Our paper presents the conditions a description of the representations of the social reality should meet to be regarded as scientific from a logical perspective.
Pairwise and higher-order measures of brain-heart interactions in children with temporal lobe epilepsy
2022
Abstract Objective. While it is well-known that epilepsy has a clear impact on the activity of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS), its role on the complex interplay between CNS and ANS has not been fully elucidated yet. In this work, pairwise and higher-order predictability measures based on the concepts of Granger Causality (GC) and partial information decomposition (PID) were applied on time series of electroencephalographic (EEG) brain wave amplitude and heart rate variability (HRV) in order to investigate directed brain-heart interactions associated with the occurrence of focal epilepsy. Approach. HRV and the envelopes of δ and α EEG activity re…
Compensated transfer entropy as a tool for reliably estimating information transfer in physiological time series
2013
We present a framework for the estimation of transfer entropy (TE) under the conditions typical of physiological system analysis, featuring short multivariate time series and the presence of instantaneous causality (IC). The framework is based on recognizing that TE can be interpreted as the difference between two conditional entropy (CE) terms, and builds on an efficient CE estimator that compensates for the bias occurring for high dimensional conditioning vectors and follows a sequential embedding procedure whereby the conditioning vectors are formed progressively according to a criterion for CE minimization. The issue of IC is faced accounting for zero-lag interactions according to two a…
A Multi-Variate Predictability Framework to Assess Invasive Cardiac Activity and Interactions during Atrial Fibrillation
2017
Objective: This study introduces a predictability framework based on the concept of Granger causality (GC), in order to analyze the activity and interactions between different intracardiac sites during atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: GC-based interactions were studied using a three-electrode analysis scheme with multi-variate autoregressive models of the involved preprocessed intracardiac signals. The method was evaluated in different scenarios covering simulations of complex atrial activity as well as endocardial signals acquired from patients. Results: The results illustrate the ability of the method to determine atrial rhythm complexity and to track and map propagation during AF. Conc…