Search results for " cost"
showing 10 items of 3966 documents
Interventions with Sticky Social Norms: A Critique
2021
Abstract We study the consequences of policy interventions when social norms are endogenous but costly to change. In our environment, a group faces a negative externality that it partially mitigates through incentives in the form of punishments. In this setting, policy interventions can have unexpected consequences. The most striking is that when the cost of bargaining is high, introducing a Pigouvian tax can increase output—yet in doing so increase welfare. An observer who saw that an increase in a Pigouvian tax raised output might wrongly conclude that this harmed welfare and that a larger tax increase would also raise output. This counter-intuitive impact on output is demonstrated theore…
Port expansion and negative externalities: a willingness to accept approach
2015
Port expansion has been seen as the origin of negative externalities, affecting local residents’ well-being and contributing to the poor public image of ports. In this study, the contingent valuation method is used to estimate the costs borne by local residents as a consequence of the negative externalities derived from the growth of the Port of Valencia (Spain) in the last 30 years. As transport project appraisal has become more complex, this technique complements existing methodologies in this field, such as the social cost benefit analysis and the multicriteria analysis. Given the perceived property rights of families that have been living close to the port for a long time, a willingness…
The last-mile vehicle routing problem with delivery options
2021
AbstractThe ongoing rise in e-commerce comes along with an increasing number of first-time delivery failures due to the absence of the customer at the delivery location. Failed deliveries result in rework which in turn has a large impact on the carriers’ delivery cost. In the classical vehicle routing problem (VRP) with time windows, each customer request has only one location and one time window describing where and when shipments need to be delivered. In contrast, we introduce and analyze the vehicle routing problem with delivery options (VRPDO), in which some requests can be shipped to alternative locations with possibly different time windows. Furthermore, customers may prefer some deli…
Application of queuing methodology to analyze congestion: A case study of the Manila International Container Terminal, Philippines
2016
The objective of this paper is to apply queuing methodology in order to analyze congestion at the Manila International Container Terminal (MICT) in the Port of Manila, the Philippines. The vessels calling at the MICT have to wait in a queue before receiving services at berths because of congestion. For vessel operators and cargo owners this situation creates waiting time costs and delays in delivery of goods to final customers. One option to decrease waiting time is to expand capacity by increasing the number of berths. Construction of a new berth is a time consuming and costly procedure, which needs to be considered carefully before being implemented. To determine whether the data collecte…
SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS ON TEENAGE PEDESTRIAN-BUS IMPACT
2019
This work studies the impact conditions between the adolescent pedestrian and the bus focusing on head and chest injury. The injury to the head is analyzed using both the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) 36 and the HIC15 parameters as established by the most advanced legislation and comparing the risk probability Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS3+) and AIS4+. The parameter HIC15 gives a higher probability of risk with lower values, and therefore it can be considered more conservative. Moreover, the study of chest injury is performed with two different biomechanical parameters: the Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI) and the TTI(d); the last neglects the pedestrian mass. The results indicate that the param…
Evolution of external female genital mutilation : why do males harm their mates?
2017
Sperm competition may select for male reproductive traits that influence female mating or oviposition rate. These traits may induce fitness costs to the female; however, they may be costly for the males as well as any decrease in female fitness also affects male fitness. Male adaptations to sperm competition manipulate females by altering not only female behaviour or physiology, but also female morphology. In orb-weaving spiders, mating may entail mutilation of external structures of the female genitalia, which prevents genital coupling with subsequent males. Here, we present a game theoretical model showing that external female genital mutilation is favoured even under relatively high cost…
Thermomineral waters of Greece: geochemical characterization
2020
Estratigrafía y petrología del subsuelo precuaternario del sector SW de la depresión de Barcelona (Cadenas Costeras Catalanas, NE de Iberia)
2008
Juan.Usera@uv.es Las numerosas obras de Ingeniería Civil que se han realizado en los últimos años en la depresión de Barcelona (ampliación del aeropuerto, ampliación del metro y AVE fundamentalmente) han permitido recabar mucha información sobre el subsuelo de esta área. En este trabajo se caracterizan las distintas unidades de subsuelo precuaternarias que aparecen en los numerosos sondeos realizados recientemente en la zona SW de la depresión de Barcelona. Se ha identificado un sustrato triásico formado por areniscas del Buntsandstein y dos unidades de edad Miocena, una basal de carácter continental y otra superior depositada en un ambiente marino. Todas estas unidades fueron fracturadas d…
Radio environment map estimation based on communication cost modeling for heterogeneous networks
2017
Los mapas del entorno radioeléctrico pueden ser una poderosa herramienta para lograr una asignación de recursos eficiente y consciente del contexto en las redes heterogéneas 5G. En este trabajo, consideramos una red heterogénea formada por una red celular tradicional y una red de sensores inalámbricos. El papel de la red de sensores inalámbricos es estimar el mapa del entorno radioeléctrico de la célula utilizando una técnica de interpolación geoestadística denominada Kriging. En un trabajo anterior se propuso un algoritmo de agrupación distribuida de sensores para reducir la complejidad de la estimación. En nuestra contribución, el proceso de formación de clústeres se modifica para incluir…
Propuesta metodológica para estimar la vulnerabilidad local por inundación en áreas turísticas costeras de clima árido : aplicación al litoral de Aro…
2020
En este trabajo se propone una metodología cualitativa para el cálculo de un índice de vulnerabilidad por inundación. Partiendo de información disponible en muchas administraciones locales, la misma se aplica en el litoral de Arona y Adeje, áreas turísticas en el suroeste de Tenerife que cuentan con una oferta alojativa superior a las 90.000 plazas, como consta en el Instituto de Estadística del Gobierno de Canarias (ISTAC, 2018). De la labor desarrollada a nivel de parcela catastral resulta un índice de vulnerabilidad que oscila entre un valor mínimo de 0,00-0,03 y un máximo >0,30, así como su diferenciación espacial según la antigüedad de las urbanizaciones turísticas. El empleo del ín…