Search results for " electricity"
showing 10 items of 197 documents
Interaction of Charged Amino-Acid Side Chains with Ions: An Optimization Strategy for Classical Force Fields
2014
Many well-established classical biomolecular force fields, fitted on the solvation properties of single ions, do not necessarily describe all the details of ion pairing accurately, especially for complex polyatomic ions. Depending on the target application, it might not be sufficient to reproduce the thermodynamics of ion pairing, but it may also be necessary to correctly capture structural details, such as the coordination mode. In this work, we analyzed how classical force fields can be optimized to yield a realistic description of these different aspects of ion pairing. Given the prominent role of the interactions of negatively charged amino-acid side chains and divalent cations in many …
Energy efficient optimisation for large-scale multiple-antenna system with WPT
2018
In this study, an energy-efficient optimisation scheme for a large-scale multiple-antenna system with wireless power transfer (WPT) is presented. In the considered system, the user is charged by a base station with a large number of antennas via downlink WPT and then utilises the received power to carry out uplink data transmission. Novel antenna selection, time allocation and power allocation schemes are presented to optimise the energy efficiency of the overall system. In addition, the authors also consider channel state information cannot be perfectly obtained when designing the resource allocation schemes. The non-linear fractional programming-based algorithm is utilised to address the …
Anomaly Detection and Classification of Household Electricity Data : A Time Window and Multilayer Hierarchical Network Approach
2022
With the increasing popularity of the smart grid, huge volumes of data are gathered from numerous sensors. How to classify, store, and analyze massive datasets to facilitate the development of the smart grid has recently attracted much attention. In particular, with the popularity of household smart meters and electricity monitoring sensors, a large amount of data can be obtained to analyze household electricity usage so as to better diagnose the leakage and theft behaviors, identify man-made tampering and data fraud, and detect powerline loss. In this paper, the time window method is first proposed to obtain the features and potential periodicity of household electricity data. Combining th…
Force probe measurements of antibody-antigen interactions.
2000
The surface force apparatus has been used to quantify directly the forces that govern the interactions between proteins and ligands. In this work, we describe the measured interactions between the antigen fluorescein and the Fab' fragment of the monoclonal 4-4-20 anti-fluorescyl IgG antibody. Here we first describe the use of the surface force apparatus to demonstrate directly the impact of the charge composition in the region of the antibody binding site on the antibody interactions. Several approaches are described for immobilizing antigens, antibodies, and proteins in general for direct force measurements. The measured force profiles presented are accompanied by an extensive discussion o…
A simple operation strategy of battery storage systems under dynamic electricity pricing: An Italian case study for a medium-scale public facility
2014
In the electricity market, wholesale energy prices depend on the balance between energy production and load demand. In the last few years, electricity market has become more and more flexible as many utilities have started to replace the fixed retail prices schemes with prices changing during the day. Dynamic pricing, also known as Real-Time Pricing (RTP), reflects the trend of the wholesale market and allows to reduce the volatility of the wholesale prices, also contributing to a reduction of demand peaks. Electricity customers take advantage of dynamic pricing by shifting their consumption according to the real-time prices or by using Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) to shift electri…
Economic feasibility of a customer-side energy storage in the Italian electricity market
2015
Electricity prices show significant short-term variations during the day due to the need of balancing supply and demand in real time. Normally, customers are not exposed to these variations but pay a constant electricity price. In an attempt to reduce the volatility of the wholesale prices, several utilities are moving from conventional fixed-rate pricing schemes to new market-based models, where the electricity price can fluctuate during the day depending on the market conditions. Examples of time-dependent pricing schemes are Time-Of-Use (TOU) tariffs, where the electricity price can take two or three price levels during the day, or Real-Time Pricing (RTP) tariffs, where the energy price …
Supplying small islands with solar, wind and sea wave. An economic approach to find the best energy share
2019
The progressive installation of power plants based on renewable energy sources is improving the sustainability of the energy sector. Despite the availability of commercial solutions, most of the small islands in the world are nowadays affected by a deep dependence on fossil fuels. In this context, the paper investigates the feasibility of an energy mix composed by solar, wind and sea wave, suggesting a sizing approach based on the minimization of the Levelized Cost of Electricity of the entire energy mix. As case study, the Aeolian Islands are presented.
Reuse of electric vehicle batteries in buildings: An integrated load match analysis and life cycle assessment approach
2019
Abstract The increasing use of renewable energy technologies for electricity generation in buildings will require a growing number of battery energy storage systems (BESS) to enhance the reliability of electricity supply. The increasing number of retired electric vehicle (EV) batteries, expected from the automotive sector, can match this demand as EV batteries can be used as BESS, considering that they have about 80% of their original energy capacity. In this context, the study aims at examining the system, consisting of a BESS made by retired Li-ion EV batteries, a photovoltaic plant (20 kW) and the electricity grid, that provides the electricity required by an existing nearly net zero res…
Electricity Production from Yeast Wastewater in Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell with Cu-Ag Cathode
2023
Wastewater has high potential as an energy source. Therefore, it is important to recover even the smallest part of this energy, e.g., in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The obtained electricity production depends on the process rate of the electrodes. In MFC, the microorganisms are the catalyst, and the cathode is usually made of carbon material (e.g., with the addition of Pt). To increase the MFC efficiency (and reduce costs by reducing use of the noble metals), it is necessary to search the new cathode materials. In this work, the electricity production from yeast wastewater in membrane-less microbial fuel cells with Cu-Ag cathode was analyzed. In the first place, the measurements of the sta…
Electrospray ion mobility mass spectrometry of positively charged sodium bis[2-ethythexyl)sulfosuccinate aggregates.
2014
Collision cross-sections (CCS) of positively singly and multiply charged aggregates of the surfactant sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOTNa) in the gas phase have been measured by quadrupole ion mobility time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Calibration of the observed drift times to the CCS of the AOTNa non-covalent aggregates was achieved by collecting, under the same experimental conditions, the drift times of a range of singly and multiply charged polyalanine peptides whose CCS had been obtained by conventional ion mobility spectrometry. Together with an obvious increase of the aggregate cross-section with the aggregation number, it was found that the aggregate cross-section increa…