Search results for " fuel"

Airborne bio-aerosols and noise in a dry waste treatment plant in Pietarsaari, Finland

2001

Ewapower Ltd in Pietarsaari, Finland produces pellets from paper and plastic waste for burning. During 1998 and 1999, several measurements were made to determine the dust, particle, microbe and endotoxin concentrations, and also the noise level in the hall where the waste is received and pre-crushed. The noise level exceeded the Finnish recommended level of 85 dBA. The dust and the particle concentrations were low, but the microbe concentrations, especially in the summer and in the autumn, were at a level which may be harmful to health. The total concentration of microbes (both dead and alive) was high - approximately 4.8 million particles m-3. The concentrations of endotoxins was high in …

A Closed Biotechnological System for the Manufacture of Nonfood Products from Cereals

1997

The production of nonfood products from agricultural raw materials is an important challenge. Efficiency of grain processing for sustainable development depends to a large extent on the harmony of the proposed system. Such a system must include consideration of all steps in the cycle from preparation of the field through cultivation of the grain crop; harvesting; total biomass utilization during processing stages; treatment of wastes; and back to preparation of the field. A closed biotechnological system can be recommended for processing of agricultural raw materials. Ethanol production from potatoes in a closed system is presented in Figure 1. Lysine production is represented schematically…

Studies on Using Sugar Beet for Bio-Ethanol for Vehicle Motors

2011

The paper presents some researches on using sugar beet for producing bio-ethanol, considering the advantages which this raw material presents compared to other materials from which bio-ethanol can be obtained. One of the reasons of using bio-ethanol for motors as a fuel is the goal to reduce of 20% of greenhouse gases and it is established that the emissions of CO2 are much reduced in the case of bio-ethanol than that of conventional fuels.

Influence of the methodology of inoculation in the performance of air-breathing microbial fuel cells

2017

n this work, four air-breathing microbial fuel cells (AB-MFC) were operated for 1 month in order to determine if the methodology of inoculation affects the steady-state performance of this type of MFCs. For this purpose, anaerobic and aerobic sludge were fed to two identical AB-MFCs without any external carbon source into a tight sealed environment during the first three days of start-up. For comparison purposes, other two AB-MFCs were operated mixing the initial sludge and an amount of sodium acetate as substrate. Results point out that the inoculation procedure does not affect the steady-state treatment capacity of the cells but it affects very seriously the production of electricity. Onl…

Researches on the Alternative Fuels Which Can Be Used to Motors

2010

The alternative fuels are substances or materials used as fuel, other than the old conventional fuels (oil, natural gases and coals). 
 The paper analyses the most important alternative fuels, such as: bio-diesel, alcohols and hydrogen, presenting at each category the main important characteristics, the advantages and disadvantages presented by them. 
 The methyl-ester which is known as bio-diesel can be used in all motors with ignition by compression, alone or mixed in any proportion with oil, with minor modifications at the injection system. Bio-diesel fuel assures the same motor power as oil does, having even a bigger cetanic number than the usual oil. After tests, it was obser…

An improved cathode for alkaline fuel cells

2010

Abstract The use of nickel foam as an electrode substrate in alkaline fuel cells (AFCs) has been investigated for bipolar cells incorporating an electrically conducting gas diffusion layer (GDL). Improved performance, compared to a previous design, was obtained by adding an extra active layer (AL) composed of manganese (IV) oxide (MnO2) deposited onto carbon black. This new cathode design performed significantly better (130 mA cm−2 at 0.8 V and 25 °C) than the previous design (35 mA cm−2 under the same condition), especially at higher potential. It has been shown that the GDL is a key component of the gas diffusion electrode for both performance and durability, especially with liquid electr…

Alkaline fuel cell technology - A review

2021

Abstract The realm of alkaline-based fuel cells has with the arrival of anionic exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) taken a great step to replace traditional liquid electrolyte alkaline fuel cells (AFCs). The following review summarises progress, bottleneck issues and highlights the most recent research trends within the field. The activity of alkaline catalyst materials has greatly advanced, however achieving long-term stability remains a challenge. Great AEMFC performances are reported, though these are generally obtained through the employment of platinum group metals (PGMs), thus emphasising the importance of R&D related to non-PGM materials. Thorough design strategies must be utilise…

Emissions of Greenhouse Gases and Climate Politics in the Latvian Waste Sector

2015

According IPCC guidelines for determination of greenhouse gases in waste management (IPCC 2006) the quantity of greenhouse gases must be determined for the emissions of CO2, CH4, N2O for such treatment activities: disposal of solid waste, biological treatment of solid waste and incineration and open burning of waste. Presented report reviles the current situation of this field in Latvia and conclusions on its minimization actions. The data received from Latvian environmental data bases shows that the quantity of disposed unsorted municipal waste is rising and created sanitary landfill system with anaerobic digestion of bio mas (the content of it in the disposed waste reaches 40–50 %) is pro…

Anodic Alumina Membranes for Fuel Cell Technology and Nanostructure Template -assisted Deposition

2009

2021

Abstract. Sustainable aviation fuels can reduce contrail ice numbers and radiative forcing by contrail cirrus. We measured apparent ice emission indices for fuels with varying aromatic content at altitude ranges of 9.1–9.8 and 11.4–11.6 km. Measurement data were collected during the ECLIF II/NDMAX flight experiment in January 2018. The fuels varied in both aromatic quantity and type. Between a sustainable aviation fuel blend and a reference fuel Jet A-1, a maximum reduction in apparent ice emission indices of 40 % was found. We show vertical ice number and extinction distributions for three different fuels and calculate representative contrail optical depths. Optical depths of contrails (0.…