Search results for " inequality."
showing 10 items of 809 documents
The Long-Term Patterns of Regional Income Inequality in Spain, 1860–2000
2013
This paper studies the evolution of Spanish regional inequality from 1860 to 2000. The results point to the coexistence of two basic forces behind changes in regional economic inequality: differences in economic structure and labor productivity across regions. In the Spanish case, the initial expansion of industrialization during the period 1860-1900, in a context of growing economic integration of regions, promoted the spatial concentration of manufacturing in certain regions, which also benefited from the greatest advances in terms of labor productivity. Since 1900 and until 1985, the diffusion of manufacturing and services production to a greater number of locations generated the emulati…
Die Grenzen der Solidarität
2020
This paper uses the COVID-19 pandemic to reflect on the relationship between governance and solidarity It considers how a social model based on self-regulating individuals has been complemented by a new form of state dirigisme reliant on evocations of solidarity However, this configuration may be approaching the limits of its viability Given that governance relies on the robust internalization and execution of both care and control and on an ethos of renunciation, especially among the middle and upper classes, the paper proposes the need for analyses that better incorporate concepts of social inequality © Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht GmbH & Co KG, Gottingen 2020
Measuring spatial concentration: A transportation problem approach
2019
This paper will propose an index for measuring spatial concentration, which is based on the solution of a particular transportation problem. This approach extends a new index proposed for the measurement of seasonality to the spatial case, and it takes into account the level of the concentration of the phenomenon of interest according to its spatial distribution. Various properties of the proposed index, which make it a desirable measure for spatial concentration, will also be described. An empirical application, using data from selected European countries, will be provided, and the results derived from the proposed index will be compared with those derived from currently used indices. Este…
Order-distance and other metric-like functions on jointly distributed random variables
2013
We construct a class of real-valued nonnegative binary functions on a set of jointly distributed random variables, which satisfy the triangle inequality and vanish at identical arguments (pseudo-quasi-metrics). These functions are useful in dealing with the problem of selective probabilistic causality encountered in behavioral sciences and in quantum physics. The problem reduces to that of ascertaining the existence of a joint distribution for a set of variables with known distributions of certain subsets of this set. Any violation of the triangle inequality or its consequences by one of our functions when applied to such a set rules out the existence of this joint distribution. We focus on…
On prefix normal words and prefix normal forms
2016
A $1$-prefix normal word is a binary word with the property that no factor has more $1$s than the prefix of the same length; a $0$-prefix normal word is defined analogously. These words arise in the context of indexed binary jumbled pattern matching, where the aim is to decide whether a word has a factor with a given number of $1$s and $0$s (a given Parikh vector). Each binary word has an associated set of Parikh vectors of the factors of the word. Using prefix normal words, we provide a characterization of the equivalence class of binary words having the same set of Parikh vectors of their factors. We prove that the language of prefix normal words is not context-free and is strictly contai…
The distributional effects of capital account liberalization
2018
Abstract Episodes of account liberalization increase the Gini measure of inequality, based on panel data estimates for 149 countries from 1970 to 2010. These episodes are also associated with a persistent increase in the share of income going to the top. We investigate three channels through which these impacts could occur. First, the impact of liberalization on inequality is stronger where credit markets lack depth and financial inclusion is low; positive impacts of liberalization on poverty rates also vanish when financial inclusion is low. Second, the impact on inequality is also stronger when liberalization is followed by a financial crisis. Third, liberalization seems to alter the rela…
Poincaré inequalities and Steiner symmetrization
1996
A complete geometric characterization for a general Steiner symmetric domain Ω ⊂ Rn to satisfy the Poincare inequality with exponent p > n−1 is obtained and it is shown that this range of exponents is best possible. In the case where the Steiner symmetric domain is determined by revolving the graph of a Lipschitz continuous function, it is shown that the preceding characterization works for all p > 1 and furthermore for such domains a geometric characterization for a more general Sobolev–Poincare inequality to hold is given. Although the operation of Steiner symmetrization need not always preserve a Poincare inequality, a general class of domains is given for which Poincare inequalities are…
Atypical perceptual narrowing in prematurely born infants is associated with compromised language acquisition at 2 years of age
2010
Abstract Background Early auditory experiences are a prerequisite for speech and language acquisition. In healthy children, phoneme discrimination abilities improve for native and degrade for unfamiliar, socially irrelevant phoneme contrasts between 6 and 12 months of age as the brain tunes itself to, and specializes in the native spoken language. This process is known as perceptual narrowing, and has been found to predict normal native language acquisition. Prematurely born infants are known to be at an elevated risk for later language problems, but it remains unclear whether these problems relate to early perceptual narrowing. To address this question, we investigated early neurophysiolog…
Learning from Differences
2018
This paper presents a case study of an intensive international course aimed at pre-service teachers and having a focus on inclusion. The course was funded by Nordplus. Twenty-three students from six Baltic and Nordic countries were interviewed during and after the course on their views on professionalism and their future work as teachers. The results show that the students’ understanding of professionalism was multifaceted, and they had gained several experiences of professionalism during the course. One of the main results of this study is, in our opinion, the co-operation and the opportunities the intensive course afforded the students in developing skills to work together with different …
On the Kneser property for reaction–diffusion equations in some unbounded domains with an -valued non-autonomous forcing term
2012
Abstract In this paper, we prove the Kneser property for a reaction–diffusion equation on an unbounded domain satisfying the Poincare inequality with an external force taking values in the space H − 1 . Using this property of solutions we check also the connectedness of the associated global pullback attractor. We study also similar properties for systems of reaction–diffusion equations in which the domain is the whole R N . Finally, the results are applied to a generalized logistic equation.