Search results for " ionization"
showing 10 items of 621 documents
Resonance Ionization Mass Spectroscopy for Trace Analysis
1990
My first lecture at this Summer School on Applied Laser Spectroscopy dealt with the determination of nuclear ground-state properties, i.e. atomic mass M, the nuclear spin I, the magnetic dipole moment μ I, the spectroscopic quadrupole moment Q, and the changes in the mean-square charge radius δ(r2) A,A´ between isotopes with mass number A and A´. These quantities can be determined for stable, long-, or short-lived isotopes by mass spectrometry and optical spectroscopy. In the latter case, the hyperfine structure (HFS) and the volume effect of the isotope shift (IS) are determined in atomic levels or optical transitions. The state of the art mainly concerning short-lived nuclei is described …
Electron Ionization Induced Fragmentation of some 3-Aroylamino-5-Methyl-1,2,4- Oxadiazoles and 3-Acetylamino-5-Aryl-1,2,4-Oxadiazoles
2017
: Background and objectives. 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles show a high reactivity and represent starting compounds for the synthesis of several other heterocycles. Some their derivatives can give the so called Boulton-Katritzky Reactions (BKR) which opens the way to the synthesis of several azoles. For this reason we have registered the mass spectra of several 3-aroylamino-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles and 3-acetylamino-5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles. Methods and results. Thus, studying the mass spectra of the isomeric couple 3-benzoylamino-5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazole (1A) and 3-acetylamino-5-phenyl-1,2,4-oxadiazoles (1B) we have observed that MIKE and CID MIKE spectra of their molecular ions and of the [M – CH2C…
Photo-Induced Cluster-to-Cluster Transformation of [Au37–xAgx(PPh3)13Cl10]3+ into [Au25–yAgy(PPh3)10Cl8]+: Fragmentation of a Trimer of 8-Electron Su…
2021
We present the photoinduced size/structure transformation of [Au37-xAgx(PPh3)13Cl10]3+ (M37) into [Au25-yAgy(PPh3)10Cl8]+ (M25) cluster. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that M37 has a tri-icosahedron M36 metal core assembled via the fusion of three Au7Ag6 icosahedrons in a cyclic fashion and that the M36 core is further protected by phosphine and chloride ligands. The M37 cluster is found to be highly sensitive toward ambient light, and the M37 → M25 transition is observed with 530 nm irradiation, monitored by time-dependent UV-vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Linear-response time-dependent DFT…
From Above Threshold Ionization to Statistical Electron Emission: The Laser Pulse-Duration Dependence ofC60Photoelectron Spectra
2000
The photoelectron spectra of C60 ionized using a 790 nm laser with pulse durations varying from 25 fs to 5 ps have been determined. For 25 fs pulses, in the absence of fragmentation, the ionization mechanism is direct multiphoton ionization with clear observation of above threshold ionization. As the pulse duration is increased, this becomes dominated by a statistical ionization due to equilibration among the electronic degrees of freedom. For pulse durations on the order of a ps coupling to the vibrational degrees of freedom occurs and the well-known phenomenon of delayed (ms) ionization is observed.
VUV irradiance measurement of a 2.45 GHz microwave-driven hydrogen discharge
2015
Absolute values of VUV-emission of a 2.45 GHz microwave-driven hydrogen discharge are reported. The measurements were performed with a robust and straightforward method based on a photodiode and optical filters. It was found that the volumetric photon emission rate in the VUV-range (80-250 nm) is $10^{16}$-$10^{17}$ 1/cm$^3$s, which corresponds to approximately 8% dissipation of injected microwave power by VUV photon emission. The volumetric emission of characteristic emission bands was utilized to diagnostics of molecular plasma processes including volumetric rates of ionization, dissociation and excitation to high vibrational levels and metastable states. The estimated reaction rates impl…
Effect of melting on ionization potential of sodium clusters
2003
The effect of melting transition on the ionization potential has been studied for sodium clusters with 40, 55, 142, and 147 atoms, using ab initio and classical molecular dynamics. Classical and ab initio simulations were performed to determine the ionization potential of Na142 and Na147 for solid, partly melted, and liquid structures. The results reveal no correlation between the vertical ionization potential and the degree of surface disorder, melting, or the total energy of the cluster obtained with the ab initio method. However, in the case of 40 and 55 atom clusters, the ionization potential seems to decrease when the cluster melts.
Strong chiral dichroism and enantiopurification in above-threshold ionization with locally chiral light
2021
We derive here a highly selective photoelectron-based chirality-sensing technique that utilizes “locally chiral” laser pulses. We show that this approach results in strong chiral discrimination, where the standard forwards/backwards asymmetry of photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) is lifted. The resulting dichroism is larger and more robust than conventional PECD (especially in the high-energy part of the spectrum), is found in all hemispheres, and is not symmetric or antisymmetric with respect to any symmetry operator. Remarkably, chiral dichroism of up to 10% survives in the angularly integrated above-threshold ionization (ATI) spectra, and chiral dichroism of up to 5% survives in the…
VUV diagnostic of electron impact processes in low temperature molecular hydrogen plasma
2015
Novel methods for diagnostics of molecular hydrogen plasma processes, such as ionization, production of high vibrational levels, dissociation of molecules via excitation to singlet and triplet states and production of metastable states, are presented for molecular hydrogen plasmas in corona equilibrium. The methods are based on comparison of rate coefficients of plasma processes and optical emission spectroscopy of lowest singlet and triplet transitions, i.e. Lyman-band ($B^1\Sigma^+_u \rightarrow X^1\Sigma^+_g$) and molecular continuum ($a^3\Sigma^+_g \rightarrow b^3\Sigma^+_u$), of the hydrogen molecule in VUV wavelength range. Comparison of rate coefficients of spin-allowed and/or spin-f…
On the sensitivity of ion traps for spectroscopic applications
1979
Ba+ ions, created by surface ionization near one endcap of an rf quadrupole trap were slowed down by collisions with the background gas. At He pressures of 10−6 mbar or more 2% of the primary ions could be trapped. The sensitivity of ion detection by fluorescence radiation allows spectroscopic experiments, starting from less than 107 particles. The observation of the ground-state hyperfine splitting of137Ba+ is given as an example.
Optimization and analysis of processes with moving materials subjected to fatigue fracture and instability
2013
We study systems of traveling continuum modeling the web as a thin elastic plate of brittle material, traveling between a system of supports at a constant velocity, and subjected to bending, in-plane tension and small initial cracks. We study crack growth under cyclic in-plane tension and transverse buckling of the web analytically. We seek optimal in-plane tension that maximizes a performance vector function consisting of the number of cycles before fracture, the critical velocity and process effectiveness. The present way of applying optimization in the studies of fracture and stability is new and affords an analytical tool for process analysis. peerReviewed