Search results for " labour"
showing 10 items of 154 documents
Smith, Marshall and Young on division of labour and economic growth
2003
The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the theory of division of labour and economic growth proposed by Adam Smith and developed by Alfred Marshall and Allyn Young. In their approach division of labour is the main engine of growth and plays a central role in capital accumulation and technological progress. We suggest that, according to their theory: 1) economic growth is endogenous; 2) it has the nature of a cumulative, pathdependent process; and 3) it can be described as a disequilibrium process, supported by competitive forces. We argue that these aspects make the contributions of Smith, Marshall and Young still insightful for the development of growth theory, even in the light of the mo…
Employment status in amateur sport in Italy
2016
This paper examines the social status of amateur athletes in respect of discrimination they may encounter in comparison with professional athletes. It also addresses the issue of the Italian ‘vincolo sportivo’ and correlative violations of EU law on the free movement of workers. Finally, some possible solutions are proposed.
Problems of the Polish labour market against the backgrounds of the EU countries after 2004
2011
The situation in the labour market in the contemporary world is the subject of continual surveys and analyses. Particular attention in those surveys is focused on unemployment continuing over long-time that occurs despite governments of the majority of countries undertaking continual efforts aiming at liquidating or at least limiting it. The main goal of the paper is to present the current problems of the labour market in Poland and other European Union countries that developed under the influence of the global economic crisis. An attempt at presenting the current situation and selected characteristics of the labour market in Poland developed under the influence of the conditions existing a…
Experimental increase of worker diversity benefits brood production in ants
2021
Background The reproductive division of labor of eusocial insects, whereby one or several queens monopolize reproduction, evolved in a context of high genetic relatedness. However, many extant eusocial species have developed strategies that decrease genetic relatedness in their colonies, suggesting some benefits of the increased diversity. Multiple studies support this hypothesis by showing positive correlations between genetic diversity and colony fitness, as well as finding effects of experimental manipulations of diversity on colony performance. However, alternative explanations could account for most of these reports, and the benefits of diversity on performance in eusocial insects stil…
Vulnerabilità, consenso, responsabilità: alcuni casi di grave sfruttamento lavorativo e tratta delle donne migranti in Italia
2017
A partire dalla definizione di sfruttamento e dalla problematizzazione dell'idea di libertà contrattuale e di consenso, il contributo analizza alcuni casi di grave sfruttamento lavorativo e di tratta ai danni delle donne migranti nell'ambito del settore domestico e di quello agricolo. I dati e le interviste qualitative raccolte sul campo confermano quindi le premesse teoriche (e normative) che avevano ricostruito la vulnerabilità in termini di mancanza di alternative percorribili e la tratta come abuso della posizione di vulnerabilità così definita.
The Division of Labour Within Households: Men’s Increased Participation?
2018
Unequal division of domestic labor has been seen as a one of the most commonly documented feature on gender inequality in the western countries. The relevance of studying the division of labour in the household has actualized as female participation rates in paid labour have increased and changes in employment systems have taken place. Division of labor refers to the amount and share of time men and women spend in paid and unpaid work. Unpaid work includes domestic chores such as cleaning, repairs, preparing meals, but also caring for children. Unpaid work is usually divided in three subgroups: core household tasks i.e. housework, repairs and household upkeep and child care. Paid and unpaid…
Commuting and local labour market areas in the Region of Valencia, Spain, 1991-2001
2007
En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de la movilidad residencia-trabajo en la Comunidad Valenciana entre 1991 y 2001 y se delimitan para ambos años los mercados locales de trabajo (MLT) valencianos mediante una variación del procedimiento empleado en el Reino Unido para la definición de las denominadas Travel-to-Work Areas. Esta regionalización permite superar el concepto administrativo de municipio/ciudad e identificar áreas funcionales coherentes con los nuevos modelos urbanos derivados del aumento generalizado de la movilidad de la población y el surgimiento de la ‘ciudad difusa’. This article deals with the evolution of commuting in the Region of Valencia, Spain, between 1991 and 200…
Biomarkers and Long-Term Labour Market Outcomes: The Case of Creatine
2014
I evaluate the impact of the UK Working Time Regulations 1998, which introduced mandatory paid holiday entitlement. The regulation gave (nearly) all workers the right to a minimum of 4 weeks of paid holiday per a year. With constant weekly pay this change amounts effectively to an increase in the real hourly wage of about 8.5% for someone going from 0 to 4 weeks paid holiday per year, which should lead to adjustments in employment. For employees I use complementary log-log regression to account for right-censoring of employment spells. I find no increase in the hazard to exit employment within a year after treatment. Adjustments in wages cannot explain this result as they are increasing for…
La disoccupazione in Italia fra le due guerre mondiali
2019
At the end of the 1920s the reduction of unemployment represented one of the goal of the fascist regime. To achieve this goal the state should have produced a reliable statistical information, and it should have dealt also with the placement, the execution of public works, the reclamation and especially the battle for ruralization. The target was not achieved: despite the proclamations and the announcements, until the mid-1930s the fascist economic policy did not improve neither the workers’ conditions nor the levels of employment. As shown by official data, unemployment regularly increased between 1925 and 1933. This statistical information is not completely reliable, as confirmed by a deb…
The poor man’s goldmine? : Career paths in Swedish and Finnish merchant shipping, c. 1840–1950
2017
This article analyses the career paths of Swedish and Finnish sailors from the mid-19th to the mid-20th century. The article shows that, for the most of the men, the seaman’s occupation was just a passing phase before taking up a job on shore, but many of them also created a longlasting and advancing career by going to sea. There was not necessarily, however, a clear distinction between job opportunities at sea and those on shore in those days: men worked both at sea and on shore. We therefore argue that an individual’s advancement in a maritime career was a context-specific socio-economic phenomenon. In Scandinavia, work on board ships was dependent on features that characterized the divis…