Search results for " opposition"

Probabilistic interpretations of the square of opposition

We investigate the square of opposition from a probabilistic point of view. Probability allows for dealing with exceptions and uncertainty. We will interpret the corners of the square by means of (precise or imprecise) conditional probability assessments. They will be defined within the framework of coherence, which originally goes back to de Finetti. In this framework probabilities are conceived as degrees of belief, where conditional probability is defined as a primitive concept. Coherence allows for dealing with partial and imprecise assessments. Moreover, the coherence approach is especially suitable for dealing with zero antecedent probabilities (i.e., here conditioning events may have…

Square of Opposition Under Coherence

2016

Various semantics for studying the square of opposition have been proposed recently. So far, only (Gilio et al., 2016) studied a probabilistic version of the square where the sentences were interpreted by (negated) defaults. We extend this work by interpreting sentences by imprecise (set-valued) probability assessments on a sequence of conditional events. We introduce the acceptability of a sentence within coherence-based probability theory. We analyze the relations of the square in terms of acceptability and show how to construct probabilistic versions of the square of opposition by forming suitable tripartitions. Finally, as an application, we present a new square involving generalized qu…

La rebelión de los estudiantes

2012

La rebeldía de los jóvenes en los años sesenta se desarrolló en todo el mundo, y no se circunscribe sólo a los estudiantes sino que alcanza amplios sectores de la juventud. Los jóvenes universitarios fueron, en todo caso, actores destacados de la protesta, que se manifestó en varias facetas convergentes. En el artículo se estudia, en primer lugar, los rasgos básicos de la rebelión juvenil y en segundo lugar, las líneas básicas del movimiento estudiantil en España. The rebelliousness of youth in the sixties was developed around the world, and not confined only to students but reaches large sections of youth. The university students were, in any case, outstanding actors of the protest, which …

Nouvelles précisions jurisprudentielles sur la procédure de contestation d'honoraires

2020

International audience; Cour de cassation (2e civ.), 5 mars 2020, n° 18-24.430 (FS-P+B+I) et Cour de cassation (2e civ.), 5 mars 2020, n° 19-10.751 (F-P+B+I)

Wyrok za tłumaczenie. Sprawa Anny Rudzińskiej

2016

In 1960, Jerzy Giedroyc, editor-in-chief of “Culture”, turned to Anna Rudzińska asking for help in the translation of English-language books in exile sociologist Felix Gross. Rudzińska worked in the library of the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Warsaw, at the same time was head of the office in the Polish Sociological Society. The summer of 1961 the prosecutor’s office opened an investigation into the translation, and SB founded bugged the apartment Rudzińska. During the revision of the officers they found the Gross’es book and a few pages of the translation, and Rudzińska was temporarily arrested. In February 1962, the court sentenced her to one year in prison for going to translate …

Imprecise probability assessments and the Square of Opposition

There is a long history of investigations on the square of opposition spanning over two millenia. A square of opposition represents logical relations among basic sentence types in a diagrammatic way. The basic sentence types, traditionally denoted by A (universal affirmative: ''Every S is P''), E (universal negative: ''No S is P''), I (particular affirmative: ''Some S are P''), and O (particular negative: ''Some S are not P''), constitute the corners of the square, and the logical relations--contradiction, contrarity, subalternation, and sub-contrarity--form the diagonals and the sides of the square. We investigate the square of opposition from a probabilistic point of view. To manage impre…

Opozycja wewnątrzpartyjna w Socjaldemokrtaycznej Partii Niemiec w latach 1980-1982

2016

At the beginning of the 1980s a very serious internal conflict within the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) appeared, which was played out on a few levels. The first one w as the personal level, the second one was the program and ideology level. Both levels, especially in 1981 and in 1982 started to penetrate the strengthening the conflict and the signs of intra - party breakup, and revealing the views and actions of SPD party members, being in open opposition to the official policy of the social liberal government and the social democratic chancellor. Having entered opposition, the party adjusted the party program from above to the expectations of its members and its electorat e, ta…

"Schon lange betrachteten sich hier die 'Barone' als die eigentlichen Herren des Landes". K diskusi o příčinách vzniku Zelenohorské jednoty

2017

This arlicle proposes a new theory explaining why in 1465 the Czech Catholic noblemen rebelled against the King of Bohemia, Jiri of Podebrady. One of the main reasons was the interference of the city of Wrocław (Breslau), which tried to usurp the historical right of the Bohemian nobility to chose the Bohemian king. It also brings back to light the crucial role played in these events by Jośt II of Rosenberg, who was not only a representative of the most powerful noble family in Bohemia, but also the Bishop of Wrocław.

Temps, espace et signification : psychomécanique du langage et syntaxe structurale

2014

International audience; Fondé sur les principes théoriques de la psychomécanique du langage et de la syntaxe structurale, ce travail tente de redéfinir le nom-espace et le verbe-temps au service de la signification. Il s’appuie sur l’idée que cette dernière est adossée (essentiellement) aux mots prédicatifs (psychomécanique du langage) ou aux mots pleins (syntaxe structurale). Mais cette hypothèse ne vaut qu’à condition d’accepter préalablement le postulat selon lequel les langues (à morphologie identifiable) associent intrinsèquement le verbe au temps et le nom à l’espace. Dans ce corrélat noologique, le verbe-temps et le nom-espace forment, paradoxalement, une position et une opposition. …

The unspoken pressure of tradition : East Asian classical musicians in western classical music

2013

Itäaasialaisia klassisia muusikoita käsittelevät artikkelit ovat olleet yleisiä eurooppalaisissa klassisen musiikin lehdissä siitä lähtien kun itäaasialaiset alkoivat yhä suuremmassa määrin voittaa kansainvälisiä musiikkikilpailuita ja luoda kansainvälistä uraa 1900-luvun viimeisinä vuosikymmeninä. Läntinen taidemusiikki on kansainvälistymässä aikana, jolloin pelot klassisen musiikin kuolemasta ovat myös päässeet otsikoihin Euroopassa. Itäaasialaiset muusikot työskentelevät kompleksisella kulttuurien kentällä, jossa heidän muusikkoutensa on jatkuvasti arvostelun alaisena. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli saada selville, miten itäaasialaiset klassiset muusikot ja heidän kulttuurinen identitee…