Search results for " pricing"

Stackelberg Game Theory Based Energy Management Systems in the Presence of Renewable Energy Sources

2021

The game theory concept has been adapted for energy management between energy producers and consumers in the presence of renewable energy sources (RES) and electric vehicles (EVs). The objective of...

Pricing Reinsurance Contracts

2011

Pricing and hedging insurance contracts is hard to perform if we subscribe to the hypotheses of the celebrated Black and Scholes model. Incomplete market models allow for the relaxation of hypotheses that are unrealistic for insurance and reinsurance contracts. One such assumption is the tradeability of the underlying asset. To overcome this drawback, we propose in this chapter a stochastic programming model leading to a superhedging portfolio whose final value is at least equal to the insurance final liability. A simple model extension, furthermore, is shown to be sufficient to determine an optimal reinsurance protection for the insurer: we propose a conditional value at risk (VaR) model p…

A bottom up approach to evaluate risk in network environment

2008

Firms dependence on environment has been contended in various way one of the most suited is the collaboration among other firms in order to realize extra rents. Firm dependence on environment is particularly crucial in sector characterised by complex technology or complex product (product requiring an articulated supply chain) that make the market instable. In this scenario the alliance, whatever is the inter-organizational solution chosen, causes new forms of dependence that are the origins of network risks. In order to evaluate correctly the extra rents a long range perspective has to be assumed and a financial analysis has to be followed. To evaluate expected cash flows it needs to known…

OS ECJ-TF 1/2019 on the ECJ Decision of 31 May 2018 in Hornbach-Baumarkt (Case C-382/16) Concerning the Application of Transfer Pricing Rules to Tran…

2019

This article is focused on the Court's decision in Hornbach-Baumarkt (Case C-382/16) (Hornbach) which is an important clarification of the conditional compatibility of arm's length-based domestic transfer pricing legislation with the freedom of establishment. Hornbach follows and confirms the previous doctrine formulated in SGI (Case C-311/08). The decision did not follow Advocate General's approach, which would have denied comparability of domestic and cross-border situations in transfer pricing cases and, hence, prevent scrutiny of domestic transfer pricing legislation under the fundamental freedoms. The authors welcome the requirement that Member States have to grant taxpayers the opport…

An Innovative Pricing Method for Telecommunication Services Pricing through American Options

2009

With the evolution of telecommunication networks and of their services the role of service provider is changed, so nowadays there is a coexistence of Network Operators and Virtual Operators. The difference between these players is not in the way they offer a service but primarily in their economic objectives and risk attitudes. Essentially, Network Operators own their infrastructures and typically have to sustain both fixed costs (CAPEX) and recurrent costs (OPEX), while Virtual Operators may have a simpler cost structure, mainly consisting of OPEX for the hire of network resources. Since these two operators can provide the same service in two different markets, their objectives differ subs…

American Options Based Service Pricing For Virtual Operators

2008

In the recent years, the role of service provider has split into two broad categories: Network Operators, offering services over their networks, and Virtual Operators, providing services over leased resources. What differentiates these players is to a minor extent a matter of enhanced service offer, and primarily a matter of economic objectives and risk attitudes. Essentially, Network Operators own their infrastructures and typically have to sustain both fixed costs (CAPEX) and recurrent costs (OPEX), while Virtual Operators may have a simpler cost structure, mainly consisting of OPEX for hiring the network. Correspondingly, the objectives of these players may differ profoundly: on one hand…

Parking Pricing for a Sustainable Transport System

2014

Abstract The purpose of this study has been the develop of a model for designing an efficient parking pricing policy. The aim is an intelligent control and management system of parking pricing integrated with a redefinition of the circulation scheme for a limited traffic zone in the Central Business District (CBD) of Palermo. The transport demand over the entire area of the town has been studied in order to design various parking pricing scenarios with the application of an additional cost on parking inside the selected area of the CBD. This area attracts most of the private vehicular traffic and it is characterized by university faculties, schools, hospitals, offices and commercial areas. …

Should conference pricing mechanisms incorporate options?

2016

The provision of many services is often characterized by demand uncertainty, as, at the time of purchase, consumers may not be completely informed about their valuation for the service or the possibility to utilize the service when it will actually be provided. For such reason, service providers implement several pricing mechanisms to maximize their profits in presence of consumer uncertainty and heterogeneity. A commonly adopted mechanism is intertemporal price discrimination, under which service providers charge different prices to consumers buying at different times. For instance, a lower price is usually offered to consumer buying early in advance, whereas higher price is practiced to l…

Infrastructure, Tariff and Legal Action: How to Achieve a Climate-Friendly Transport System

2011

Transportation absorbs about 70% of oil consumption in EU countries. The fuels that burn in the field of transport are composed of 96% of oil. Energy efficiency of road and air traffic must also be improved. But transport environmental impacts reductions should be made necessarily through a transfer of traffic from the car, lorries and aircraft to train, ship, and non motorized two-wheelers into the EU cities. In fact the former are large producers of greenhouse gases, while the latter are more environmentally friendly means of transport in climate. Reaching an annual increase of 1% of the modal split in favour of more sustainable means of transport on the environment must be set as a goal …

TECNICHE QUANTITATIVE PER LA PROGETTAZIONE DELLA TARIFFAZIONE DELLA SOSTA IN AMBITO URBANO

Ad oggi numerose resistenze dibattono sull’adozione di schemi di pricing nei centri urbani dalla presunta iniquità, che renderebbero di fatto accessibili i centri urbani soltanto a coloro che possono permettersi di pagare la tariffa di accesso. Ma al contempo l’evoluzione di tecnologie innovative di rilevamento e di infomobilità consentono di ipotizzare un completo ribaltamento dei criteri di tassazione del traffico stradale, dove il carico fiscale potrebbe essere rimodulato in relazione agli effettivi comportamenti di ogni singolo utente. L’obiettivo è stato quello di controllare e limitare la mobilità all’interno di una determinata area urbana attraverso un nuovo modo di concepire le ZTL …