Search results for " protection."
showing 10 items of 925 documents
Une classification unifiée des produits de protection des plantes
2018
CONTEXTE - La classificationdes PPP (produits de protectiondes plantes) par mode d’actionest un outil pour faciliter le suiviet la gestion de leurs ENI (effetsnon intentionnels) en particulierdes résistances de bioagresseurs à ces produits. Il existeactuellement plusieurs classifications, chacune concernantun seul type d’utilisation (herbicide, insecticide/acaricide,fongicide). Selon son usage,un même mode d’action, voireune même substance, est alorsrépertorié(e) dans des classifications différentes.PROPOSITION - Dans le butde faciliter le suivi et la gestiondes effets non intentionnelsdes PPP, cet article présenteune nouvelle classification deces produits :– unifiée, exhaustive, intégrée,«…
Prévenir et gérer les résistances aux produits phyto
2020
CONTEXTE - La sélection de génotypes debioagresseurs résistantsconstitue un des effetsnon intentionnels del’utilisation des produitsde protection des plantes(PPP). Le suivi et la gestion de ces génotypesreprésentent un enjeuagronomique majeurafin de préserver durablement l’efficacité des PPP.PRINCIPE DE GESTION - La résistance estle résultat de l’adaptation des bioagresseurs àla pression de sélectionexercée par les pratiquesde contrôle. Les élémentsde compréhension présentés dans cet articles’appliquent à tous lesPPP, qu’ils soient d’originesynthétique ou d’originenaturelle. Notre objectifest de sensibiliser leslecteurs à la nécessité dediversifier les leviers deprotection des cultureset de…
Exploit biodiversity in viticultural systems to reduce pest damage and pesticide use, and increase ecosystem services provision: the Biovine project
2019
International audience; Organic vineyards still rely on large external inputs to control harmful organisms (i.e., pests). The BIOVINE project aims to develop natural solutions based on plant diversity to control pests and reduce pesticide dependence. The capability of plants of increasing the ecosystem resistance to pests and invasive species is a well-known ecosystem service. However, monocultures (including vineyards) do not exploit the potential of plant diversity. BIOVINE aims to develop new viticultural systems based on increased plant diversity within (e.g., cover crops) and/or around (e.g., hedges, vegetation spots) vineyards by planting selected plant species for the control of arth…
Exploit biodiversity in viticultural systems to reduce pest damage and pesticide use, and increase ecosystems services provision: the BIOVINE Project
2018
Organic vineyards still rely on large external inputs to control harmful organisms (i.e., pests). The BIOVINE project aims to develop natural solutions based on plant diversity to control pests and reduce pesticide dependence. The capability of plants of increasing the ecosystem resistance to pests and invasive species is a well-known ecosystem service. However, monocultures (including vineyards) do not exploit the potential of plant diversity. BIOVINE aims to develop new viticultural systems based on increased plant diversity within (e.g., cover crops) and/or around (e.g., hedges, vegetation spots, edgings) vineyards by planting selected plant species for the control of arthropods, soil-bo…
Caractérisation de la dynamique de l'eau et des intrants à la parcelle: comparaison de dispositifs
2017
Notre système d’agriculture intensif cause une pollution accrue des eaux souterraines par lixiviationdes traitements appliqués sur les parcelles. Notamment l’utilisation des engrais azotés est, depuis 65 ans, enconstante augmentation. Cependant, cet azote rejoint les nappes phréatiques, rendant l’eau impropre à laconsommation. Le diagnostic de cette pollution azotée est donc un enjeu majeur de santé publique et est lié àdes conséquences économiques importantes car une nappe polluée devra être traitée et une autre nappeservira à la consommation, ce qui demande de nouvelles installations. Des instruments ont été créés pourprélever l’eau qui lixivie sous les parcelles agricoles afin d’analyser…
Fatty Acid Smell, Anesthesia, and Use on Fruit Crops
2023
Odors convey important information to select a sex partner, to find a food source, or to detect a danger. Among those some volatile molecules have been shown to cause a reversible anesthesia. However, their mode of action appears still largely mysterious. Here we describe a novel property of Olfactory Receptor 47b (OR47b), on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) expressing male-specific transcription factor FruM. We found some interesting properties of a fatty acid that can be present on food sources and oviposition sites for Drosophilid species. We show that OR47b neurons projecting to VA1v glomerulus are sensitive to this odor, and that this influences Drosophila behavior causing a strong ave…
The Crosstalk of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells (ADSC), Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Protective and Adaptive Responses
2020
International audience; The potential use of stem cell-based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs is a major goal in repair medicine. Stem cells are classified by their potential to differentiate into functional cells. Compared with other sources, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have the advantage of being abundant and easy to obtain. ADSCs are considered to be tools for replacing, repairing, and regenerating dead or damaged cells. The capacity of ADSCs to maintain their properties depends on the balance of complex signals in their microenvironment. Their properties and the associated outcomes are in part regulated by reactive oxygen species, which medi…
Some Plant Defense Stimulators can induce IL-1β production in human immune cells in vitro
2020
8 pages; International audience; Among Plant Protection Products (PPP), a new emerging category of pesticides act by stimulating plant defense in order to improve plant resistance against microbial pathogens. Given that these compounds, the so-called Plant Defense Stimulators (PDS) act on innate immunity, we tested, using an in vitro approach on human mononuclear leucocytes (PBMC), the potential toxicity (XTT assay) and inflammatory effects (production of IL-1β) of 4 PPP belonging to different chemical families. We found that two products (LBG-01F34® and Regalis®) did not induce any cytotoxicity or IL-1 β production. The product BION-50 WG®, that contains Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and sili…
Biodiversité fongique du raisin au vin : impact de l'activité anthropique
2016
The effects of different anthropogenic activities (vineyard, winery) on fungal populations from grape to wine were studied. To characterize these effects, it was necessary to access to the overall diversity of populations (pyrosequencing and spectroscopy FT-IR) but also to intra-specific diversity (FT-IR). Spectroscopy FT-IR has been validated for their ability to characterize the global population and to discriminate the strains for three species of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NS). For the first time, it is shown that the grape berry is a limited source for NS yeasts while the winery seems to be a significant source; the air is an important vector for dissemination of these yeasts. In additi…
Role of the non-infective stage of the acanthocephalan parasite Pomphorhychus laevis on the behavioural manipulation of its amphipod intermediate host
2012
In trophically-transmitted parasites, exploitation strategies of the intermediate host have been selected, in a way increasing parasites transmission probabilities to their definitive host. Particularly, numerous parasites are able to alter their intermediate host behaviour, a phenomenon called ‘behavioural manipulation’. This manipulation only occurs when the parasite developmental stage (or larval stage) is infective for the definitive host. Before reaching this stage, the development of parasite larvae is not sufficiently advanced to allow establishment in the definitive host (this stage is thus called ‘non-infective’). Early transmission of a non-infective stage therefore implies parasi…