Search results for " rev"
showing 10 items of 3376 documents
Calcium—Nutrient and Messenger
2019
Calcium is an essential element needed for growth and development of plants under both non-stressed and stress conditions. It thereby fulfills a dual function, being not only an important factor for cell wall and membrane stability, but also serving as a second messenger in many developmental and physiological processes, including the response of plants to biotic stress. The perception of non-self hereby induces an influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the cytosol, which is decoded into downstream responses ultimately leading to defense. Maintaining intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is crucial for the ability to generate this signal. This review will describe the current knowledge of the mechanis…
The roles of whole-genome and small-scale duplications in the functional specialization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes
2013
Researchers have long been enthralled with the idea that gene duplication can generate novel functions, crediting this process with great evolutionary importance. Empirical data shows that whole-genome duplications (WGDs) are more likely to be retained than small-scale duplications (SSDs), though their relative contribution to the functional fate of duplicates remains unexplored. Using the map of genetic interactions and the re-sequencing of 27 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomes evolving for 2,200 generations we show that SSD-duplicates lead to neo-functionalization while WGD-duplicates partition ancestral functions. This conclusion is supported by: (a) SSD-duplicates establish more genetic i…
Estimating cod egg developmental stage based on DNA concentration
2017
Abstract Pelagic egg surveys are commonly used to map Atlantic cod spawning areas in the northeastern Atlantic. However, a sampling location may not necessarily indicate a spawning location, because more developed eggs may have drifted long distances in coastal currents. Newly spawned eggs have only a few embryonic cells, whereas eggs in later developmental stages have progressively larger numbers of cells and hence greater amounts of DNA. The progression through developmental stages largely depends on temperature, which influences cell division and growth. Preservation of the eggs for later analysis presents logistical dilemmas. Preservation in ethanol is suitable for DNA extraction but ob…
Eight decades of adaptive changes in herring reproductive investment: the joint effect of environment and exploitation
2021
Abstract Reproductive investment is a central trait for population dynamics and productivity. Fishing and environmental variations are major drivers affecting population structure, dynamics, and adaptation of life-history and behavioural traits. However, those factors are often considered independently, and few studies take into account their joint effect. In this study, we investigate the contribution of environment, fishing pressure, and intra-specific competition to variation in the reproductive investment of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus), a stock that has been fished for centuries, and monitored for decades. Reproductive investment and post-spawning weight were…
Replicated marine protected areas (MPAs) support movement of larger, but not more, European lobsters to neighbouring fished areas
2018
The European lobster Homarus gammarus is heavily exploited in the Norwegian fishery, and several management actions have been implemented to protect the species. Three marine protected areas (MPAs) excluding all but hook and line type fishing gear were established along the Skagerrak coast in 2006, effectively banning the trap-based fishery for European lobster. Lobster populations within MPAs and adjacent control areas were studied by capture-mark-recapture and recovery methods every year from prior to MPA establishment to the present. During 2006-2014, a total of 4682 and 3317 lobsters were captured (including recaptures) in the MPAs and control areas, respectively. In all MPAs, protectio…
The ability of fish ecolabels to promote a change in the sustainability awareness
2021
Abstract Researchers, environmentalists, as well as fisheries and retailers, have been focusing their attention on the design, use and effects that fish ecolabels have on sustainability. The fish processing industry and large retailers have rapidly adopted several market-based standards, with consequences for two major stakeholders: fishermen and consumers. Although the standards have shown rather positive results, from the perspectives of marine biodiversity conservation, the fish industry and trade, it is not clear how they are able to support a change in people’s awareness about sustainability. For this reason, the present work reviews and analyses the literature, produced in the last te…
Landmarks in the historical development of twenty first century food processing technologies.
2017
International audience; Over a course of centuries, various food processing technologies have been explored and implemented to provide safe, fresher-tasting and nutritive food products. Among these technologies, application of emerging food processes (e.g., cold plasma, pressurized fluids, pulsed electric fields, ohmic heating, radiofrequency electric fields, ultrasonics and megasonics, high hydrostatic pressure, high pressure homogenization, hyperbaric storage, and negative pressure cavitation extraction) have attracted much attention in the past decades. This is because, compared to their conventional counterparts, novel food processes allow a significant reduction in the overall processi…
Coping styles in farmed fish: consequences for aquaculture
2017
Individual differences in physiological and behavioural responses to stressors are increasingly recognised as adaptive variation and thus raw material for evolution and fish farming improvements including selective breeding. Such individual variation has been evolutionarily conserved and is present in all vertebrate taxa including fish. In farmed animals, the interest in consistent trait associations, that is coping styles, has increased dramatically over the last years because many studies have demonstrated links to performance traits, health and disease susceptibility and welfare. This study will review (i) the main behavioural, neuroendocrine, cognitive and emotional differences between …
Bridging Ecology and Evolution
2017
Already by the early dawn of evolutionary biology, it was appreciated that ecological differences among species’ habitats, resources, and environments were key drivers of evolution and speciation. Thus, research on interactions between ecology and evolution is not a novel endeavor. It has, however, become increasingly popular to provide these interactions with ‘a new wrapping’, that is, the study of eco-evolutionary dynamics [1]. Consequently, eco-evolutionary dynamics is not a newly developed theory but rather a novel framework within which to study the interplay of ecology and evolution.
Harvest selection on multiple traits in the wild revealed by aquatic animal telemetry
2019
12 pages, 6 figures, 5 tables.-- This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited