Search results for "1. No poverty"

Income inequality and famine mortality: Evidence from the Finnish famine of the 1860s

2021

This article examines whether economic inequality intensified the adverse effects of harvest, price, and income shocks during a famine. Using a parish-level longitudinal dataset from the Finnish famine of the 1860s, it shows that a substantial proportion of the excess mortality experienced during the famine resulted from a decline in agricultural production, a decline in incomes, and a surge in food prices. The findings indicate that the adverse effects of food output fluctuations were intensified by increasing income inequality and decreasing average income, while the market-transmitted shocks were weakened by a contraction of disposable income. The results are corroborated with multiple a…

Fiscal consolidation and financial reforms

2015

We use data for a panel of 17 countries over the period 1980-2005 to investigate the impact of fiscal consolidation on the likelihood of financial reforms. We show that fiscal adjustments do not boost the implementation of financial reforms. However, tax-driven fiscal consolidation programs raise the likelihood of banking sector reforms. Moreover, we find that: (i) an increase in the degree of trade openness makes countries less likely to implement financial reforms; (ii) an increase in the interest rate spreads accelerates the path of financial reforms, especially, external capital account reforms; and (iii) an improvement in the quality of political institutions strongly enhances the prob…

Neighborhood Characteristics, Alcohol Outlet Density, and Alcohol-Related Calls-for-Service: A Spatiotemporal Analysis in a Wet Drinking Country

2017

Alcohol outlets have been associated with different social problems, such as crime, violence, intimate partner violence, and child maltreatment. The spatial analysis of neighborhood availability of alcohol outlets is key for better understanding of these influences. Most studies on the spatial distribution of alcohol outlets in the community have been conducted in U.S. cities, but few studies have assessed this spatial distribution in other countries where the drinking culture may differ. The aim of this study was to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of alcohol outlets in the city of Valencia, Spain, and its relationship with neighborhood-level characteristics, as well as to examine t…

2018

Background Global development goals increasingly rely on country-specific estimates for benchmarking a nation's progress. To meet this need, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2016 estimated global, regional, national, and, for selected locations, subnational cause-specific mortality beginning in the year 1980. Here we report an update to that study, making use of newly available data and improved methods. GBD 2017 provides a comprehensive assessment of cause-specific mortality for 282 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1980 to 2017. Methods The causes of death database is composed of vital registration (VR), verbal autopsy (VA), registry, survey…

2019

Abstract Objectives To use the estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 to describe patterns of suicide mortality globally, regionally, and for 195 countries and territories by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index, and to describe temporal trends between 1990 and 2016. Design Systematic analysis. Main outcome measures Crude and age standardised rates from suicide mortality and years of life lost were compared across regions and countries, and by age, sex, and Socio-demographic index (a composite measure of fertility, income, and education). Results The total number of deaths from suicide increased by 6.7% (95% uncertainty interval 0.4% to 15.6%) globally over the 27 year stud…

Dynamiques de développement et inégalités régionales en Chine

2009

Le rapide développement économique de la Chine a généré des inégalités socio-spatiales croissantes, qui se marquent par un décalage croissant entre provinces littorales et intérieures, et entre villes et campagnes. À partir de l’examen des données statistiques officielles chinoises, on peut clairement repérer une aggravation des déséquilibres internes de la Chine, qui sont des facteurs potentiels de déstabilisation sociale, en particulier dans le cas des paysans venus tenter leur chance dans les grandes aires urbaines littorales, ou chassés de leurs terres par l’expansion périmétropolitaine. Cela entraîne aujourd’hui une politique différenciée d’aménagement du territoire chinois visant à co…

ICT demand behaviour: An international comparison

2009

This study aims to provide some empirical explanations for the gaps in ICT diffusion between industrialized countries, especially European countries vis-à-vis the United States. The panel data cover eleven OECD countries: Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States. These annual macroeconomic data span the 1981-2005 period.The analysis provides some original results: (i) the impact on ICT diffusion of the level of education and market rigidities has changed over time. The correlation of ICT diffusion, positive with the level of education and negative with market rigidities, increased over time (in absolute terms)…

The Effects of the Value-Added Tax on Revenue and Inequality

2019

This paper examines the impact of the introduction of the value-added tax on inequality and government revenues using newly released macro data. We present both conventional country fixed effect regressions and instrumental variable analyses, where VAT adoption is instrumented using the previous values of neighbouring countries’ VAT systems as an instrument. The results reveal – in contrast to earlier work – that the revenue consequences of the VAT have not been positive. The results indicate that income-based inequality has increased due to the VAT adoption, whereas consumption inequality has remained unaffected. Peer reviewed

Poverty, Consent, and Choice in Early Marriage : Ethnographic Perspectives from Urban Tanzania

2018

The assumed inability of adolescents to voluntarily consent to marriage is a key definition of child marriage. Using ethnography, this study approaches consent, self-determination, and fulfillment ...

Pour une politique de la qualité de l'école primaire en Afrique : évaluation des acquis des élèves en CP et en CM au Togo

1993

Policy decisions in education cannot be made upon opinions and subjectives factors ; this is especially true in African countries where demographic and economic constraints are particularly binding. A key element is to measure the impact of the various factors affecting student learning, even though this step has to be complemented by cost estimates so as to produce cost-efficiency indicators. This papers concerns primary schooling in Togo and aims at documenting the link between school factors on the one hand, pupil achievement on the other. The results have very clear consequences in terms of educational policy since they show that inputs such as school building in concrete or recruitemen…