Search results for "20TH CENTURY"
showing 10 items of 182 documents
Paleoclimate and bubonic plague: a forewarning of future risk?
2010
Background Human cases of plague (Yersinia pestis) infection originate, ultimately, in the bacterium's wildlife host populations. The epidemiological dynamics of the wildlife reservoir therefore determine the abundance, distribution and evolution of the pathogen, which in turn shape the frequency, distribution and virulence of human cases. Earlier studies have shown clear evidence of climatic forcing on contemporary plague abundance in rodents and humans. Results We find that high-resolution palaeoclimatic indices correlate with plague prevalence and population density in a major plague host species, the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus), over 1949-1995. Climate-driven models trained on these…
Market empowerment of the patient: the French experience.
2011
Through analysis of the French experience, this article explores the way economic policy has sought to encourage active, well-informed patients by giving them market power. The new status of the patient as consumer is based on two foundations: the endeavour to build a healthcare market and the activation of demand-based policies. The keystone of this new system is a conception of the market as a process constructed by economic policy. Recent measures such as the standardization of care and the introduction of incentives to respect a treatment pathway then constitute effective levers to establish a free-market rationale.
Transmission electron microscopy in molecular structural biology: A historical survey.
2015
In this personal, historic account of macromolecular transmission electron microscopy (TEM), published data from the 1940s through to recent times is surveyed, within the context of the remarkable progress that has been achieved during this time period. The evolution of present day molecular structural biology is described in relation to the associated biological disciplines. The contribution of numerous electron microscope pioneers to the development of the subject is discussed. The principal techniques for TEM specimen preparation, thin sectioning, metal shadowing, negative staining and plunge-freezing (vitrification) of thin aqueous samples are described, with a selection of published im…
Transitions démocratiques et transformation des élites en Allemagne au XXe siècle
2014
Les articles réunis dans ce dossier sont issus d’une journée d’étude qui a réuni le 7 juin 2013 à l’université de Bourgogne germanistes civilisationnistes et historiens français, allemands et italiens autour du thème « Transitions démocratiques et transformation des élites en Allemagne au XXe siècle ». Le choix de ce cette problématique par ailleurs très actuelle – que l’on pense par exemple au printemps arabe et à ses conséquences – découle d’un double constat paradoxal : d’une part, l’Allemagne a été directement concernée par les trois « vagues de démocratisation » du XXe siècle: celle consécutive à la Première guerre mondiale, qui a conduit à la naissance de la République de Weimar, cell…
Mouse models for multiple sclerosis: historical facts and future implications.
2011
AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and demyelinating condition of the CNS, characterized by perivascular infiltrates composed largely of T lymphocytes and macrophages. Although the precise cause remains unknown, numerous avenues of research support the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms play a major role in the development of the disease. Pathologically similar lesions to those seen in MS can be induced in laboratory rodents by immunization with CNS-derived antigens. This form of disease induction, broadly termed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, is frequently the starting point in MS research with respect to studying pathogenesis and creating novel treatments. M…
Edible films and coatings: tomorrow's packagings: a review.
1998
(1998). Edible Films and Coatings: Tomorrow's Packagings: A Review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition: Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 299-313.
Sequencing toponymic change: A quantitative longitudinal analysis of street renaming in Sibiu, Romania.
2021
Recent scholarship in critical toponymy studies has refashioned the understanding of street names from innocent labels to nominal loci of historical memory and vectors of collective identity that are embroiled with power relations. Urban nomenclatures consist of more than mere linguistic signposts deployed onto space to facilitate navigation. Street names are also powerful signposts that indicate the political regime and its socio-cultural values. Drawing on these theoretical insights, this paper is focused on Sibiu (Romania) and explore the city’s shifting namescape in a longitudinal perspective spanning one century and a half of modern history (1875–2020). The analysis is based on a compl…
A History of the Pharmacological Treatment of Bipolar Disorder.
2018
In this paper, the authors review the history of the pharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder, from the first nonspecific sedative agents introduced in the 19th and early 20th century, such as solanaceae alkaloids, bromides and barbiturates, to John Cade’s experiments with lithium and the beginning of the so-called “Psychopharmacological Revolution” in the 1950s. We also describe the clinical studies and development processes, enabling the therapeutic introduction of pharmacological agents currently available for the treatment of bipolar disorder in its different phases and manifestations. Those drugs include lithium salts, valproic acid, carbamazepine, new antiepilep…
Contre l'autonomie et la clôture du texte : formes et ambiguïtés de la fiction moderniste européenne : (1910-1939)
2014
Although it has been a key concept of literary criticism in the English-speaking world for more than a half-century, modernism remains a relatively misunderstood notion in France, owing to its proximity to somewhat close concepts such as modernity and avant-garde, which it only partially overlaps. The concept is relevant to experimentation in all literary genres, but this study focuses on the novel, with texts by James Joyce, André Gide, Ramón Gómez de la Serna and Virginia Woolf. Those have often been mischaracterized by literary critics as either mimetic novels — though more realistic than realist novels — or more frequently as emblematic of the self-referential text, as defined by the do…