Search results for "A2"
showing 10 items of 1101 documents
Genetic variation at 9p22.2 and ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
2011
[Background]: Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are associated with increased risks of breast and ovarian cancers. Although several common variants have been associated with breast cancer susceptibility in mutation carriers, none have been associated with ovarian cancer susceptibility. A genome-wide association study recently identified an association between the rare allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3814113 (ie, the C allele) at 9p22.2 and decreased risk of ovarian cancer for women in the general population. We evaluated the association of this SNP with ovarian cancer risk among BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers by use of data from the Consortium of Investi…
Common Breast Cancer Susceptibility Alleles and the Risk of Breast Cancer for BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Implications for Risk Prediction
2010
Abstract The known breast cancer susceptibility polymorphisms in FGFR2, TNRC9/TOX3, MAP3K1, LSP1, and 2q35 confer increased risks of breast cancer for BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers. We evaluated the associations of 3 additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs4973768 in SLC4A7/NEK10, rs6504950 in STXBP4/COX11, and rs10941679 at 5p12, and reanalyzed the previous associations using additional carriers in a sample of 12,525 BRCA1 and 7,409 BRCA2 carriers. Additionally, we investigated potential interactions between SNPs and assessed the implications for risk prediction. The minor alleles of rs4973768 and rs10941679 were associated with increased breast cancer risk for BRCA2 carrie…
Pathology of Breast and Ovarian Cancers among BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers: Results from the Consortium of Investigators of Modifiers of BRCA1/2…
2012
Abstract Background: Previously, small studies have found that BRCA1 and BRCA2 breast tumors differ in their pathology. Analysis of larger datasets of mutation carriers should allow further tumor characterization. Methods: We used data from 4,325 BRCA1 and 2,568 BRCA2 mutation carriers to analyze the pathology of invasive breast, ovarian, and contralateral breast cancers. Results: There was strong evidence that the proportion of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast tumors decreased with age at diagnosis among BRCA1 (P-trend = 1.2 × 10−5), but increased with age at diagnosis among BRCA2, carriers (P-trend = 6.8 × 10−6). The proportion of triple-negative tumors decreased with age at diagnos…
Ovarian cancer susceptibility alleles and risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers
2012
Germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with increased risks of breast and ovarian cancer. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified six alleles associated with risk of ovarian cancer for women in the general population. We evaluated four of these loci as potential modifiers of ovarian cancer risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs10088218 (at 8q24), rs2665390 (at 3q25), rs717852 (at 2q31), and rs9303542 (at 17q21), were genotyped in 12,599 BRCA1 and 7,132 BRCA2 carriers, including 2,678 ovarian cancer cases. Associations were evaluated within a retrospective cohort approach. All four loci were associated with ovarian …
Breast Cancer in Men: Oncology
2020
Breast cancer in men (BCiM) is a very rare disease that is still understudied and most of the published data comes from small cohorts of patients, compared to breast cancer in women. Genetic factors are among the most clearly established risk factors for male breast cancer, and mainly involve BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumor-suppressor genes.
From adjuvant to preventive breast cancer treatment: bridging the gap over troubled waters
2006
Recently, chemoprevention trials have demonstrated the efficacy of preventive medical treatment (PMT) in reducing breast cancer (BC) detection rates in at-risk affected and unaffected women selected according to clinical and/or familial risk criteria, particularly with the use of tamoxifen (TAM). Major concerns limiting the routine use of TAM are the questionable benefit/risk ratio and poor patient compliance, which justify the studies undertaken to determine the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors (AIs) with respect to TAM. Issues such as therapy duration, impact on survival, incidence of side-effects and which subsets benefit most from treatment, still remain unsolved. Therefore, only ER+ BC…
Covering by discrete and closed discrete sets.
2008
Say that a cardinal number $\kappa$ is \emph{small} relative to the space $X$ if $\kappa <\Delta(X)$, where $\Delta(X)$ is the least cardinality of a non-empty open set in $X$. We prove that no Baire metric space can be covered by a small number of discrete sets, and give some generalizations. We show a ZFC example of a regular Baire $\sigma$-space and a consistent example of a normal Baire Moore space which can be covered by a small number of discrete sets. We finish with some remarks on linearly ordered spaces.
Birth of the Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance in Monolayer-Protected Gold Nanoclusters
2013
Gold nanoclusters protected by a thiolate monolayer (MPC) are widely studied for their potential applications in site-specific bioconjugate labeling, sensing, drug delivery, and molecular electronics. Several MPCs with 1-2 nm metal cores are currently known to have a well-defined molecular structure, and they serve as an important link between molecularly dispersed gold and colloidal gold to understand the size-dependent electronic and optical properties. Here, we show by using an ab initio method together with atomistic models for experimentally observed thiolate-stabilized gold clusters how collective electronic excitations change when the gold core of the MPC grows from 1.5 to 2.0 nm. A …
Distributed Resource Allocation for Energy Efficiency in OFDMA Multicell Networks with Wireless Power Transfer
2019
In this paper, an energy-efficient resource allocation problem is investigated for the wireless power transfer (WPT)-enabled OFDMA multicell networks. In the considered system, multiple base stations (BSs) with a large number of antennas are responsible to provide WPT in the downlink, and the users can recycle and utilize the received energy for uplink data transmission. The role of BS is to execute WPT; thus, there are no data transmissions in the downlink. A time-division protocol is considered to divide the time of downlink WPT and uplink wireless information transfer into separate time slots. With the objective to improve the energy efficiency, we propose the time, subcarrier, and power…
Ozone-Based Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 from Dimethylaluminum Chloride and Its Impact on Silicon Surface Passivation
2017
Dimethylaluminum chloride (DMACl) as an aluminum source has shown promising potential to replace more expensive and commonly used trimethylaluminum in the semiconductor industry for atomic layer deposited (ALD) thin films. Here, the Al2O3 DMACl-process is modified by replacing the common ALD oxidant, water, by ozone that offers several benefits including shorter purge time, layer-by-layer growth, and improved film adhesion. It is shown that the introduction of the ozone instead of water increases carbon and chlorine content in the Al2O3, while long ozone pulses increase the amount of interfacial hydrogen at silicon surface. These are found to be beneficial effects regarding the surface pass…