Search results for "ALTRUISM"
showing 10 items of 73 documents
Assortment, but not knowledge of assortment, affects cooperation and individual success in human groups
2017
The success or failure of human collective action often depends on the cooperation tendencies of individuals in groups, and on the information that individuals have about each other's cooperativeness. However, it is unclear whether these two factors have an interactive effect on cooperation dynamics. Using a decision-making experiment, we confirm that groups comprising individuals with higher cooperation tendencies cooperate at a higher level than groups comprising individuals with low cooperation tendencies. Moreover, assorting individuals with similar cooperation tendency together affected behaviour so that the most cooperative individuals tended to cooperate more and the least cooperativ…
Reduced salivary oxytocin after an empathic induction task in Intimate Partner Violence perpetrators: Importance of socio-affective functions and its…
2022
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has been linked to difficulties in socio-affective functions. Nevertheless, the underlying psychobiological mechanisms that might be responsible for them remain unclear. Oxytocin (OXT) stands out as an important hormone that may favor the salience of social information, due to its relevance in empathy and prosocial behavior. Thus, the study of salivary OXT (sOXT) may provide further information about potential impairments in social cognition in IPV perpetrators. This study analyzed the effects of an empathic induction task, performed through negative emotion-eliciting videos, on endogenous sOXT levels, mood state, and emotional perception in 30 IPV perpetrato…
Self-reported altruism as predictor for active-empathic listening skills
2020
While there are many consistent results regarding the altruism – empathy relationship, starting with the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 2008) and its confirmations or criticism, there is one specific aspect of empathy that has not often been associated with generosity: active listening. Our research hypothesizes that sharing one’s attention in an empathic way (active-empathic listening) might be a skill linked to a person’s generosity. A linear regression established that self-reported altruism (SRA) could statistically significantly predict someone’s active-empathic listening skill (AELS), F(1, 96) = 28,965, p = .0001 and that SRA accounted for 22,4% of the explained variability in A…
Morālās spriešanas saistība ar altruismu
2022
Šā pētījuma mērķis bija izzināt, vai pastāv un kāda ir morālās spriešanas un altruisma saistība pieaugušo izlasē (18–64 gadi). Tika izvirzīti divi pētījuma jautājumi. Pirmkārt, vai un kāda saistība pastāv starp morālo spriešanu un altruismu? Otrkārt, kā morālā spriešana prognozē altruismu, kontrolējot vecumu, dzimumu un izglītības līmeni? Kopā pētījumā piedalījās 315 respondenti. Lai atbildētu uz pētījuma jautājumiem, tika izvēlēts Morālo spriedumu tests un Altruisma pašaptaujas skala. Rezultāti rāda, ka pastāv negatīva un ļoti vāja saistība starp morālo spriešanu, ko raksturo izvairīšanās no soda, un altruismu. Morālā spriešana neprognozē altruismu, toties altruismu skaidro izglītības līme…
The evolutionary dynamics of adaptive virginity, sex-allocation and altruistic helping in haplodiploid animals
2018
In haplodiploids, females can produce sons from unfertilized eggs without mating. However, virgin reproduction is usually considered to be a result of a failure to mate, rather than an adaptation. Here, we build an analytical model for evolution of virgin reproduction, sex-allocation, and altruistic female helping in haplodiploid taxa. We show that when mating is costly (e.g., when mating increases predation risk), virginity can evolve as an adaptive female reproductive strategy. Furthermore, adaptive virginity results in strongly divergent sex-ratios in mated and virgin queen nests ("split sex ratios"), which promotes the evolution of altruistic helping by daughters in mated queen nests. H…
Memory-Based Mismatch Response to Frequency Changes in Rats
2011
Any occasional changes in the acoustic environment are of potential importance for survival. In humans, the preattentive detection of such changes generates the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of event-related brain potentials. MMN is elicited to rare changes (‘deviants’) in a series of otherwise regularly repeating stimuli (‘standards’). Deviant stimuli are detected on the basis of a neural comparison process between the input from the current stimulus and the sensory memory trace of the standard stimuli. It is, however, unclear to what extent animals show a similar comparison process in response to auditory changes. To resolve this issue, epidural potentials were recorded above the pr…
Unethical Brotherly Love: Zell Kravinsky and Maximum Human Utility
2014
The case of American investor and philanthropist Zell Kravinsky (1956-) presents numerous ethical challenges regarding our social responsibility to others. In 2003, after disbursing the bulk of his forty-five-million-dollar fortune to various charities, Kravinsky made the decision to donate one of his kidneys to an impoverished African-American woman he had met only once. In doing so he courageously saved a life, but also incurred the wrath of his family, friends, and many observers in the media who questioned his sanity. To Kravinsky, however, refusal to donate would have been tantamount to murder, constituting a violation of his belief in ‘maximum human utility’ – a concept that insists o…
The value of volunteering in special events: A longitudinal study
2013
Abstract Volunteering has important insights for tourism, especially in the context of special events. In this paper, volunteering is studied in a religious event from a consumer value-based approach. A longitudinal study is conducted on 711 volunteers, three months before and one month after the event. The value-based approach is reliable and valid over time. The results of the value dimensions (spirituality as altruism, social value, play, efficiency, and effort spent) suggest volunteering is a highly emotional experience, although functional aspects showed higher expectations than perceptions. Value conceptualisation as a trade-off is consistent with the approach to volunteering as a “gi…
Developments in the evolutionary theory of social interactions
2016
Altruistic behaviour, which benefits others but harms the actor, can evolve when copies of the underlying genes are transmitted to future generations by related beneficiaries. While we know that the mechanism of ‘kin selection’ answers to how altruism can evolve, the answers to why and when it can evolve are still obscure. The first aim of this thesis is to shed light to the evolution of altruism by identifying factors that facilitate or promote it. I find that the conditions under which altruism can evolve follow surprisingly simple principles that are independent of the taxon-specific traits such as fecundity. Further, by analysing the unique aspects of haplodiploid sex determination syst…
L’operatore delle relazioni di aiuto tra comportamento prosociale, altruismo ed empatia.In M. Garro (a cura di). Psicologia e interventi educativi. T…
2020
Il comportamento prosociale è una tematica che si pone al centro del percorso formativo degli educatori di comunità, il cui profilo professionale mira alla promozione e all’incoraggiamento degli aspetti positivi negli individui e nei gruppi, implicando l’eliminazione dei comportamenti sociali indesiderati. Ma come educa in tal senso? E, soprattutto, quali motivazioni supportano il suo intervento? È necessario soffermarsi su quest’ultimo aspetto perché, come afferma Titta (2018), «È interessante non dimenticare che tale attività, fino a pochi decenni fa, era legata allo spirito di carità di religiosi e del mondo cattolico in generale, quindi a dei valori ideologici morali e spirituali di un …