Search results for "Abuse"
showing 10 items of 700 documents
Violent offending in borderline personality disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
2018
Abstract The prevalence of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is significantly higher among offenders compared to the prevalence found in the general population. Both disorders share important diagnostic characteristics and thus it has been suggested that they might follow a common developmental pathway. In this narrative review, we first discuss the potential links of disorder inherent symptoms such as impulsivity and emotion regulation difficulties and how they might elevate the risk of violent delinquency. We continue with highlighting that comorbidities particularly from the antisocial spectrum as well as comorbid substance use diso…
Social defeat stress: mechanisms underlying the increase in rewarding effects of drugs of abuse
2018
Social interaction is known to be the main source of stress in human beings, which explains the translational importance of this research in animals. Evidence reported over the last decade has revealed that, when exposed to social defeat experiences (brief episodes of social confrontations during adolescence and adulthood), the rodent brain undergoes remodeling and functional modifications, which in turn lead to an increase in the rewarding and reinstating effects of different drugs of abuse. The mechanisms by which social stress cause changes in the brain and behavior are unknown, and so the objective of this review is to contemplate how social defeat stress induces longlasting consequence…
Unveiling Sex-Based Differences in the Effects of Alcohol Abuse: A Comprehensive Functional Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Studies
2020
AbstractThe abuse of alcohol, one of the most popular psychoactive substances, can cause several pathological and psychological consequences, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). An impaired ability to stop or control alcohol intake despite adverse health or social consequences characterize AUD. While AUDs predominantly occur in men, growing evidence suggests the existence of distinct cognitive and biological consequences of alcohol dependence in women. The molecular and physiological mechanisms participating in these differential effects remain unknown. Transcriptomic technology permits the detection of the biological mechanisms responsible for such sex-based differences, which supports t…
Acetaldehyde as the first hit of addictive behaviour
2016
Unhealthy alcohol use is common in the Western society, which puts risk of health consequences, causing multiple behavioural injuries. Increasing evidence focuses on acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of ethanol, as the mediator of the several behavioural actions of alcohol, including its rewarding and motivational effects. In particular, acetaldehyde induces dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens modulating primary alcohol rewarding effect, drug seeking, and relapse behaviour. Recent behavioural studies point at acetaldehyde as a drug of abuse since its oral self-administration is induced and maintained in an operant/conflict paradigm. These findings provide further evidence on the role…
Pain-induced alterations in the dynorphinergic system within the mesocorticolimbic pathway: Implication for alcohol addiction.
2020
Latest studies have revealed that pain negatively impacts on reward processing and motivation leading to negative affective states and stress. These states not only reduce quality of life of patients by increasing the appearance of psychiatric comorbidities, but also have an important impact on vulnerability to drug abuse, including alcohol. In fact, clinical, epidemiological but also preclinical studies have revealed that the presence of pain is closely related to alcohol use disorders (AUDs). All this evidence suggests that pain is a factor that increases the risk of suffering AUD, predicting heavy drinking behavior and relapse drinking in those patients with a previous history of AUD. Th…
Trend of Drug Abuse in 2011– 2014 in Italy
2017
Doping, although was born as a medication and not with the purpose of enhancing performance, is a widespread practice in all sports, between amateur and gym-goers. The Italian sports federations were in second place worldwide for positive doping-test, after Russia. This review focuses on the analysis of data collected by Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) in the 2012–2014 period, showing that the most commonly used substances were anabolic androgenic agents, glucocorticoids, diuretics and stimulants. Prevention in doping could be a key to limit the damage caused by this harmful practice both, for the physical health and the athlete’s moral integrity and anti-doping campai…
The experience of sexuality in adults with intellectual disability
2017
Background People with intellectual disability have the same sexual needs as those without any disability, yet their sexuality is often restricted by reluctant attitudes and/or fears based on irrational beliefs. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse different areas of sexuality in adults with mild or moderate intellectual disability. Method The sample consisted of 180 men and 180 women attending occupational centres. All the participants were administered a questionnaire about sexuality adapted to their characteristics. Results Results show that 84.2% have had sexual relationships with another person, this percentage being higher in females and in people aged between 38 and 55 ye…
Abuso sexual y discapacidad intelectual: cómo identifican y valoran la experiencia las personas con discapacidad intelectual y los profesionales que …
2017
El abuso sexual es un tema que afecta, de manera especial, a las personas con discapacidad intelectual. En su abordaje, el rol de los profesionales resulta clave tanto en la identificación como en la prevención y tratamiento de la problemática. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que examinen hasta qué punto la estimación de los profesionales coindice con la experiencia real de las personas con discapacidad intelectual. Por ese motivo, el presente estudio analiza la percepción de riesgo y la propia vivencia del abuso sexual de las personas con discapacidad intelectual, en comparación con la identificación y valoración realizada por los profesionales que les atienden. Para ello, participaron…
Prevalence and sequelae of self-reported and other-reported sexual abuse in adults with intellectual disability
2018
Background Sexual victimisation is an important problem that affects millions of people around the world, especially those with some kind of disability. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported and documented sexual abuse in people with mild or moderate intellectual disability and to analyse the sequelae that such experiences can have on their psychosocial health. Methods The sample consisted of 360 adults (50% men and 50% women) between 18 and 55 years of age (M = 39.87; standard deviation = 10.55). Results The prevalence of sexual abuse is 6.10% when it is self-reported (9.4% in women and 2.8% in men) and 28.6% when it is reported by professionals (27.8% in w…
CONOCIMIENTOS, ACTITUDES HACIA LA ORIENTACIÓN SEXUAL, COMPORTAMIENTOS DE RIESGO Y ABUSOS SEXUALES EN MUJERES CON DISCAPACIDAD INTELECTUAL
2016
Abstract:KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES TO SEXUAL ORIENTATION, RISK BEHAVIORS AND SEXUAL ABUSE IN WOMEN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIESThe purpose of this study is to analyze of attitudes to sexuality expression, knowledge about safe and risk sex practices and sexual behavior in a sample of women with intellectual disabilities, to prevent sexual violence against this group. The sample consists of 39 women, aged between 27 and 52 years living in sheltered housing, residential homes or households. The results obtained through a structured interview and a scale of sexual perception adapted to the study population, indicate that the most common and acceptable behavior in women between 27 and 35 years is t…