Search results for "Attention."
showing 10 items of 915 documents
Dissociable Effects of Reward on P300 and EEG Spectra Under Conditions of High vs. Low Vigilance During a Selective Visual Attention Task
2020
The influence of motivation on selective visual attention in states of high vs. low vigilance is poorly understood. To explore the possible differences in the influence of motivation on behavioral performance and neural activity in high and low vigilance levels, we conducted a prolonged 2 h 20 min flanker task and provided monetary rewards during the 20- to 40- and 100- to 120-min intervals of task performance. Both the behavioral and electrophysiological measures were modulated by prolonged task engagement. Moreover, the effect of reward was different in high vs. low vigilance states. The monetary reward increased accuracy and decreased the reaction time (RT) and number of omitted response…
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: update on clinical presentation and care
2014
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by traitlike symptoms, with stable features frequently emerging in early childhood and persisting throughout adolescence and adulthood. The hallmarks are pervasive, developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity leading to impairments in family life, social life, academic performance, and occupational functioning. Emotional lability is a commonly associated feature that is a further source of impairment. Diagnosis rests on a comprehensive assessment of developmental psychiatric history and current status, following DSM-5 guidelines on ADHD classification and diagnostic thresholds for adults.…
The Orienting Response in Healthy Aging: Novelty P3 Indicates No General Decline but Reduced Efficacy for Fast Stimulation Rates
2017
Automatic orienting to unexpected changes in the environment is a pre-requisite for adaptive behavior. One prominent mechanism of automatic attentional control is the Orienting Response (OR). Despite the fundamental significance of the OR in everyday life, only little is known about how the OR is affected by healthy aging. We tested this question in two age groups (19–38 years and 55–72 years) and measured skin-conductance responses (SCRs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to novels (i.e., short environmental sounds presented only once in the experiment; 10% of the trials) compared to standard sounds (600 Hz sinusoidal tones with 200 ms duration; 90% of the trials). Novel and standa…
EFFICACY OF REPETITIVE TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION/TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT CURRENT STIMULATION IN COGNITIVE NEUROREHABILITATION
2008
Summary: Cognitive deficits are a common consequence of neurologic disease, in particular, of traumatic brain injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative disorders, and there is evidence that specific cognitive training may be effective in cognitive rehabilitation. Several investigations emphasize the fact that interacting with cortical activity, by means of cortical stimulation, can positively affect the short-term cognitive performance and improve the rehabilitation potential of neurologic patients. In this respect, preliminary evidence suggests that cortical stimulation may play a role in treating aphasia, unilateral neglect, and other cognitive disorders. Several possible mechanisms can accou…
Misunderstandings about developmental dyslexia: a historical overview
2020
Developmental dyslexia is a reading disorder unrelated to intellectual disability, inadequate teaching systems or poor motivation for schooling. The first attempts to understand such difficulty of learning to read, connected the problem to a primary ‘visual defect’. Since then, several models have been developed. In the last decades, autopsy and histopathological studies on the brain of developmental dyslexics provided neuroanatomical evidence of structural and morphological differences between the normal and dyslexic brains. Furthermore, neuroimaging studies allowed to understand the neural systems of reading and dyslexia. According to more recent studies, developmental dyslexia appears as…
Chapter 31 Transcranial magnetic stimulation studies of contralesional space attention deficits
2002
Publisher Summary The power of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt and modulate the neural activity in focal brain regions has provided researchers in this field a promising tool to empirically test specific neuropsychological models and constructs of contralesional space attention deficits. A group of studies has used TMS to transiently disrupt the cortical activity of the focal brain areas in normal subjects to replicate the effects of neurological lesions. This chapter discusses a number of studies, using single-pulse, paired-TMS, and repetitive TMS (rTMS) and different experimental paradigms that show how this technique can be of fundamental importance, in elucidating the…
All Eyes on Me : Behaving as Soloist in Duo Performances Leads to Increased Body Movements and Attracts Observers’ Visual Attention
2020
Duo musicians exhibit a broad variety of bodily gestures, but it is unclear how soloists’ and accompanists’ movements differ and to what extent they attract observers’ visual attention. In Experiment 1, seven musical duos’ body movements were tracked while they performed two pieces in two different conditions. In a congruent condition, soloist and accompanist behaved according to their expected musical roles; in an incongruent condition, the soloist behaved as accompanist and vice versa. Results revealed that behaving as soloist, regardless of the condition, led to more, smoother, and faster head and shoulder movements over a larger area than behaving as accompanist. Moreover, accompanists …
El TDHA a través de narraciones ilustradas
2018
A través de esta propuesta pretendemos contribuir a la atención educativa de los alumnos de Educación Infantil que muestran un patrón conductual compatible con el diagnóstico del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH), desde un enfoque preventivo, estimulando el análisis y la reflexión sobre determinados comportamientos mediante el género narrativo, por su valor educativo en esta etapa. Los alumnos de Educación Infantil se encuentran en un momento madurativo de fascinación natural hacia la escucha de narraciones. Presentamos una propuesta basada en narraciones ilustradas, ideadas y elaboradas por alumnos del Grado en Educación Infantil de la Universidad CEU Cardenal Her…
Communicative skills in Spanish children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Analysis through p…
2018
Background Communicative skills are one of the main deficits experienced by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). The differential diagnosis is a complex issue that clinicians often face. For this reason, this study has two objectives: 1) to analyze the similarities and differences that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and children with ASD present in their linguistic and communicative skills, through parentś perceptions and narrative production; 2) to identify the relative importance of the skills analyzed in discriminating children with ASD versus children with ADHD, as well as the classification power of each of the two measurement methods used. Metho…
Artificial faces predict gaze allocation in complex dynamic scenes
2019
Both low-level physical saliency and social information, as presented by human heads or bodies, are known to drive gaze behavior in free-viewing tasks. Researchers have previously made use of a great variety of face stimuli, ranging from photographs of real humans to schematic faces, frequently without systematically differentiating between the two. In the current study, we used a Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) approach to investigate to what extent schematic artificial faces can predict gaze when they are presented alone or in competition with real human faces. Relative differences in predictive power became apparent, while GLMMs suggest substantial effects for real and artificial f…