Search results for "Attention"
showing 10 items of 934 documents
Disturbed social behavior and motivation in rats selectively bred for deficient sensorimotor gating
2007
Deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle reflects disturbed sensorimotor gating found in certain neuropsychiatric disorders. We here tested whether rats selectively bred for deficient PPI are deteriorated in behavioral paradigms used to model negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Rats with low PPI preferred standard rat-chow when having the choice between lever-pressing for reward-pellets or freely available rat-chow, suggesting reduced motivation. Additionally, these rats show deteriorated social behavior during interaction with a juvenile rat. Rats selectively bred for low PPI may therefore be used as a model to study the biological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies of negative sy…
BENEFITS OF MULTI-DOMAIN FEATURE OF MISMATCH NEGATIVITY EXTRACTED BY NON-NEGATIVE TENSOR FACTORIZATION FROM EEG COLLECTED BY LOW-DENSITY ARRAY
2012
Through exploiting temporal, spectral, time-frequency representations, and spatial properties of mismatch negativity (MMN) simultaneously, this study extracts a multi-domain feature of MMN mainly using non-negative tensor factorization. In our experiment, the peak amplitude of MMN between children with reading disability and children with attention deficit was not significantly different, whereas the new feature of MMN significantly discriminated the two groups of children. This is because the feature was derived from multi-domain information with significant reduction of the heterogeneous effect of datasets.
Double-Deficit Hypothesis in a Clinical Sample : Extension Beyond Reading
2016
This study explored the double-deficit hypothesis (DDH) in a transparent orthography (Finnish) and extended the view from reading disabilities to comorbidity of learning-related problems in math and attention. Children referred for evaluation of learning disabilities in second through sixth grade ( N = 205) were divided into four groups based on rapid automatized naming (RAN) and phonological awareness (PA) according to the DDH: the double-deficit group, the naming speed deficit–only group, the phonological deficit–only group, and the no-deficit group. The results supported the DDH in that the prevalence and severity of reading disability were greatest in the double-deficit group. Despite …
Do mental processes share a domain-general resource?
2010
What determines success and failure in dual-task situations? Many theories propose that the extent to which two activities can be performed concurrently depends on the nature of the information involved in the activities. In particular, verbal and visuospatial activities are thought to be fueled by distinct resources, so that interference occurs between two verbal activities or two visuospatial activities, but little or no interference occurs between verbal and visuospatial activities. The current study examined trade-offs in four dual-task situations in which participants maintained verbal or visuospatial information while concurrently processing either verbal or visuospatial information.…
Disruption of the ASTN2 / TRIM32 locus at 9q33.1 is a risk factor in males for Autism Spectrum Disorders, ADHD and other neurodevelopmental phenotypes
2014
Rare copy number variants (CNVs) disrupting ASTN2 or both ASTN2 and TRIM32 have been reported at 9q33.1 by genome-wide studies in a few individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The vertebrate-specific astrotactins, ASTN2 and its paralog ASTN1, have key roles in glial-guided neuronal migration during brain development. To determine the prevalence of astrotactin mutations and delineate their associated phenotypic spectrum, we screened ASTN2/TRIM32 and ASTN1 (1q25.2) for exonic CNVs in clinical microarray data from 89 985 individuals across 10 sites, including 64 114 NDD subjects. In this clinical dataset, we identified 46 deletions and 12 duplications affecting ASTN2. Deletions o…
Maintenance of item and order information in verbal working memory
2017
International audience; Although verbal recall of item and order information is well-researched in short-term memory paradigms, there is relatively little research concerning item and order recall from working memory. The following study examined whether manipulating the opportunity for attentional refreshing and articulatory rehearsal in a complex span task differently affected the recall of item- and order-specific information of the memoranda. Five experiments varied the opportunity for articulatory rehearsal and attentional refreshing in a complex span task, but the type of recall was manipulated between experiments (item and order, order only, and item only recall). The results showed …
Naturalistic study on the usage of smartphone applications among Finnish drivers
2018
We present results from a naturalistic study that tracked how Finnish drivers use their smartphones while on the move. We monitored 30 heavy in-car smartphone users in Finland during June–September 2016, recording the times that they used their phones, the application used at the time of touch (calls excluded), the location and driving speed. Touches per time unit were used as a proxy for estimating visual-manual distraction due to visual-manual tasks. Our data set allows the determining of whether drivers use their phones differently on varying road types (highway, main road, local rural road, urban road). We found that the road type has an effect on phone use but the effect is contrary to…
Gastro-intestinal symptoms associated with intense Schistosoma mansoni infection affect class-attentiveness of schoolchildren in Ethiopia.
2009
Abstract Objective To assess effect of subtle morbidities related to schistosomiasis mansoni on class-attentiveness of schoolchildren. Methods A cross-sectional study was undertaken involving 568 schoolchildren (mean age 13.4 years; 333 from Schistosoma mansoni endemic villages (Sille and Worke-Mado) and 235 from the non-endemic town Sheno. A questionnaire on signs and symptoms of ill-health was administered to all study subjects. In addition, parasitological and nutritional anthropometric data were collected. All study subjects from S. mansoni endemic areas were treated with praziquantel and albendazol while children from the non-endemic town were only treated with albendazol. Findings Pre…
Responsivity to dyslexia training indexed by the N170 amplitude of the brain potential elicited by word reading.
2016
The present study examined training effects in dyslexic children on reading fluency and the amplitude of N170, a negative brain-potential component elicited by letter and symbol strings. A group of 18 children with dyslexia in 3rd grade (9.05 ± 0.46 years old) was tested before and after following a letter-speech sound mapping training. A group of 20 third-grade typical readers (8.78 ± 0.35 years old) performed a single time on the same brain potential task. The training was differentially effective in speeding up reading fluency in the dyslexic children. In some children, training had a beneficial effect on reading fluency (‘improvers’) while a training effect was absent in others (‘non-im…
Individual differences in selective attention predict speech identification at a cocktail party
2016
Listeners with normal hearing show considerable individual differences in speech understanding when competing speakers are present, as in a crowded restaurant. Here, we show that one source of this variance are individual differences in the ability to focus selective attention on a target stimulus in the presence of distractors. In 50 young normal-hearing listeners, the performance in tasks measuring auditory and visual selective attention was associated with sentence identification in the presence of spatially separated competing speakers. Together, the measures of selective attention explained a similar proportion of variance as the binaural sensitivity for the acoustic temporal fine stru…