Search results for "BIASES"
showing 10 items of 24 documents
ARES. III. Unveiling the Two Faces of KELT-7 b with HST WFC3
2020
We present the analysis of the hot-Jupiter KELT-7b using transmission and emission spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), both taken with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). Our study uncovers a rich transmission spectrum which is consistent with a cloud-free atmosphere and suggests the presence of H2O and H-. In contrast, the extracted emission spectrum does not contain strong absorption features and, although it is not consistent with a simple blackbody, it can be explained by a varying temperature-pressure profile, collision induced absorption (CIA) and H-. KELT-7 b had also been studied with other space-based instruments and we explore the effects of introducing these additiona…
Social information use about novel aposematic prey is not influenced by a predator’s previous experience with toxins
2019
Aposematism is an effective antipredator strategy. However, the initial evolution and maintenance of aposematism are paradoxical because conspicuous prey are vulnerable to attack by naive predators. Consequently, the evolution of aposematic signal mimicry is also difficult to explain. The cost of conspicuousness can be reduced if predators learn about novel aposematic prey by observing another predator's response to that same prey. On the other hand, observing positive foraging events might also inform predators about the presence of undefended mimics, accelerating predation on both mimics and their defended models. It is currently unknown, however, how personal and social information combi…
AUDIENCE SUPPORT DECISIONS IN IN THE AFTERMATH OF A SOCIAL SCANDAL: THE ROLES OF LEGITIMACY AND REPUTATION
2014
Constituent audience evaluations and decisions regarding whether to continue to support a corporation after it has been perceived as culpable for socially irresponsible behaviour following corporate social irresponsibility (CSI) scandals are coin of the realm in selecting which firms (or which parts of a firm) will be able to survive a CSI-scandal. Research has largely taken for granted that CSI leads to the loss of corporate legitimacy and, consequently, of constituent audience support. Though legitimacy may be reconstructed, empirics suggest this is a necessary but insufficient condition for the maintenance of audience support. Adopting the evaluators’ perspective, this study focuses on t…
Guía para la incorporación de la perspectiva de género en la docencia en Sociología, Economía y Ciencias Políticas
2019
Sociology has constructed a male worldview that entails a biased interpretation of social reality. For its part, the traditional economy has made invisible the dependence of the commercial sphere of the domestic sphere. And in the field of political science, we also find many gender biases in basic concepts such as justice, equality or citizenship. This article, based on the work done by the authors in the Guia per a una docència universitària amb perspectiva de gènere de Sociologia, Economia i Ciència Política, offers some proposals, teaching resources and consultation tools to introduce the gender perspective in teaching, knowledge transfer and research in these disciplines.
Inhibitory Control for Emotional and Neutral Scenes in Competition: An Eye-Tracking Study in Bipolar Disorder
2017
This study examined the inhibitory control of attention to social scenes in manic, depressive, and euthymic episodes of bipolar disorder (BD). Two scenes were simultaneously presented (happy/threatening/neutral [target] versus control). Participants were asked either to look at the emotional pictures (i.e., attend-to-emotional block) or to avoid looking at the emotional pictures (i.e., attend-to-neutral block) while their eye movements were recorded. The initial orienting (latency and percentage of first fixation) and subsequent attentional engagement (gaze duration) were computed. Manic patients showed a higher percentage of initial fixations on happy scenes than on the other scenes, regar…
Attentional Biases and Vulnerability to Depression
1999
This study was designed to examine selective processing of emotional information in depression. It focuses on possible attentional biases in depression, and whether such biases constitute a cognitive vulnerability factor to suffer from the disorder or, on the contrary, they reflect a feature associated exclusively with the clinical level of depression. 81 participants were included in the study: 15 with a diagnosis of Major Depression; 17 were diagnosed as Dysthymia; 11 participants scored over 18 in the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery, 1979); 15 participants, in whom a sad mood state was induced by an experimental mood induction (Velten technique + music, or biographic…
Reliability of genomic variants across different next-generation sequencing platforms and bioinformatic processing pipelines
2021
Abstract Background Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is the fundament of various studies, providing insights into questions from biology and medicine. Nevertheless, integrating data from different experimental backgrounds can introduce strong biases. In order to methodically investigate the magnitude of systematic errors in single nucleotide variant calls, we performed a cross-sectional observational study on a genomic cohort of 99 subjects each sequenced via (i) Illumina HiSeq X, (ii) Illumina HiSeq, and (iii) Complete Genomics and processed with the respective bioinformatic pipeline. We also repeated variant calling for the Illumina cohorts with GATK, which allowed us to investigate the e…
Can We Do Better Next Time? Italians' Response to the COVID-19 Emergency through a Heuristics and Biases Lens.
2022
During the outbreak of COVID-19 in Italy, people often failed to adopt behaviors that could have stopped, or at least slowed down, the spread of this deadly disease. We offer cognitive explanations for these decisions, based on some of the most common heuristics and biases that are known to influence human judgment and decision-making, especially under conditions of high uncertainty. Our analysis concludes with the following recommendations: policymakers can and should take advantage of this established science, in order to communicate more effectively and increase the likelihood that people choose responsible actions in a public health crisis.
Rethinking clinical decision-making to improve clinical reasoning
2022
Improving clinical reasoning techniques is the right way to facilitate decision-making from prognostic, diagnostic, and therapeutic points of view. However, the process to do that is to fill knowledge gaps by studying and growing experience and knowing some cognitive aspects to raise the awareness of thinking mechanisms to avoid cognitive errors through correct educational training. This article examines clinical approaches and educational gaps in training medical students and young doctors. The authors explore the core elements of clinical reasoning, including metacognition, reasoning errors and cognitive biases, reasoning strategies, and ways to improve decision-making. The article addres…
Decreased intersubject synchrony in dynamic valence ratings of sad movie contents in dysphoric individuals
2021
Emotional reactions to movies are typically similar between people. However, depressive symptoms decrease synchrony in brain responses. Less is known about the effect of depressive symptoms on intersubject synchrony in conscious stimulus-related processing. In this study, we presented amusing, sad and fearful movie clips to dysphoric individuals (those with elevated depressive symptoms) and control participants to dynamically rate the clips’ valences (positive vs. negative). We analysed both the valence ratings’ mean values and intersubject correlation (ISC). We used electrodermal activity (EDA) to complement the measurement in a separate session. There were no group differences in either t…