Search results for "Biologique"
showing 10 items of 124 documents
Ce qui est beau est bien... Psycho-socio-biologie de la beauté
2010
Facial attractiveness is an important element of social life. A large body of research in social psychology has shown that attractive persons enjoy many advantages that unattractive persons do not have (see Eagly et al., 1991). This well-known stereotype, described by social psychologists as the “What is beautiful is good prototype” (Dion et al., 1972), mainly applies to the formation of first impressions, but it can also extend into less superficial interactions. Until recently, beauty was considered to lie “in the eyes of the beholder”. In that sense, a person’s physical appearance is not the main aspect of his/her attractiveness. However, many studies have reported substantial agreement,…
Prédire le passé et le futur : rôle des représentations motrices dans l'inférence du mouvement
2012
The effectiveness of the visual system is permitted by a complex processing network, which relies on cortical, sub-cortical and peripheral structures. The purpose of this research is to improve the knowledge of the process sustaining the visual perception of motion, and to produce a computational model able to reproduce the features of human visual tracking of a moving object.This work includes an extensive bibliographic research, and a series of experiments. The thesis consists of two parts:The first part pertains to the determination of performance in the "backward" inference of a partially visible movement. It consist of defining the involvement of exogenous information (retinal signals)…
Early biological factors and outcome in very preterm infants
2013
Our aim was to identify early biochemical abnormalities associated with adverse outcome in very preterm infants. Based on an 8-year population-study for assessing the outcome in 1067 very preterm babies admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Dijon university hospital, two research axes were explored: 1) the impact of plasma chloride abnormalities on neurological morbidities; 2) the association between hypoproteinemia on the first day of life (D1) and adverse outcome. These issues were assessed by 4 studies, performed on the initial population and on 3 other cohorts.We found that hyperchloremia results in severe metabolic acidosis during the first 7-10 days of life, but this is not …
Darwin et l'après-Darwin : une histoire de l'hypothèse de sélection dans la théorie de l'évolution
1992
Les historiens et les biologistes n'ont pas assez distingué la théorie et l'hypothèse de sélection naturelle. En tant que théorie générale de l'histoire de la vie, la doctrine de la sélection naturelle a sans aucun doute eu un immense retentissement dans la science et dans la culture de son temps. Mais l'hypothèse centrale de cette théorie, dans la forme très contraignante que lui avait donnée Darwin, s'est trouvée très vite exposée à des difficultés internes suffisamment redoutables pour entrer en crise à peine était-elle née. En liant rigidement l'hypothèse de sélection à l'hérédité, Darwin l'a exposée pour au moins cinquante ans à la menace permanente d'une réfutation. La sélection darwi…
Critics and Criticisms of the Modern Synthesis: the Viewpoint of a Philosopher
1990
International audience
Optimiser la régulation biologique des adventices par l’utilisation de couverts végétaux à l’échelle du système de culture
2022
Les couverts végétaux peuvent fournir de nombreux services écosystémiques dont la régulationbiologique des adventices, mais ce n’est pas le service écosystémique qui est principalementmentionné par les agriculteurs. En revanche, il y a une connaissance experte très vaste des couvertsvégétaux, car les agriculteurs expérimentés ont déjà optimisé leur mélange, pour maximiser laproduction de biomasse, la couverture végétale, dans des conditions pédo-climatiques pourtantchangeantes. Mais les combinaisons d’espèces, de densité, de pratiques de gestion sontnombreuses et la connaissance scientifique manque pour identifier des leviers de gestion descouverts végétaux qui assureraient une régulation b…
Biodiversité fongique du raisin au vin : impact de l'activité anthropique
2016
The effects of different anthropogenic activities (vineyard, winery) on fungal populations from grape to wine were studied. To characterize these effects, it was necessary to access to the overall diversity of populations (pyrosequencing and spectroscopy FT-IR) but also to intra-specific diversity (FT-IR). Spectroscopy FT-IR has been validated for their ability to characterize the global population and to discriminate the strains for three species of non-Saccharomyces yeasts (NS). For the first time, it is shown that the grape berry is a limited source for NS yeasts while the winery seems to be a significant source; the air is an important vector for dissemination of these yeasts. In additi…
Panorama du biocontrôle en ZNA, zones non agricoles
2013
Les politiques phytosanitaires européennes et françaises ont fixé l'objectif de réduire l'usage des pesticides et, pour ce faire, incitent à la promotion et à l'utilisation des techniques de biocontrôle et de protection biologique intégrée. Cela s'applique aussi ZNA (Zones Non Agricoles). De nombreuses techniques et applications sont utilisées pour contrôler les problématiques phytosanitaires en zones non agricoles. Sur la base d'un premier travail bibliographique et d'une expertise collective, nous dressons un inventaire et une analyse critique des techniques de biocontrôle et de protection biologique intégrée effectives pour gérer les problématiques phytosanitaires des zones non agricoles…
Transition to conservation agriculture : changes in cropping practices and responses of weed communities
2020
Conservation agriculture is a farming system based on the continuous and simultaneous application of three principles: minimal soil disturbance, continuous residue cover on the soil surface and diverse crop rotations. Adoption of this form of sustainable agriculture in France since the 2000s has been hampered by a number of constraints, including the development and management of weed populations. From an agronomic point of view, the adoption of conservation agriculture and associated abandonment of tillage results in a significant loss of weed management practices for farmers. From an ecological point of view, its application can modify all the assembly processes that act on weed communiti…
Influence de différentes pratiques agricoles sur la qualité et la santé des sols : étude de cas sur des vergers slovènes irrigués ou en agriculture b…
2011
Underestimation of soil properties and poor understanding of soil conditions can have many negative consequences, which results in quality or quantity of yield, soil degradation or even environmental pollution. According to importance of agricultural practices, our study focused on their impact on soil quality and health. The research took place from November 2003 to October 2007 in apple orchards in north-eastern Slovenia where two frequent agricultural practices were investigated: (i) drip irrigation on Calcaric Cambisol and its effects on structural stability and microbial biomass at Gačnik experimental station and (ii) combination of organic fertiliser (Campo guano) and liming in organi…